Core Insights - The article highlights the transformation of water supply in Saudi Arabia, particularly in cities like Mecca and Medina, from a scarcity-driven model to a reliable, continuous supply through advanced desalination technology [1][3][5]. Water Supply Transformation - Historically, Saudi Arabia faced severe water scarcity due to its arid climate, with annual rainfall below 100mm and high evaporation rates [3][5]. - The country has shifted its focus to desalination since the 1950s, now producing over 13 million tons of desalinated water daily, which accounts for more than half of the national water supply [5][17]. Desalination Projects - The Rabigh Phase IV project is set to become the largest single reverse osmosis desalination plant globally, designed to produce 600,000 tons of fresh water daily, sufficient for over 2 million households [10][12]. - The project involves advanced technology, including dual-media pressure filters and high-pressure pumps, optimizing energy consumption to 2.78 kWh per ton of water produced [10][17]. Market Dynamics - The contract for Rabigh IV was awarded to a consortium led by China Power Construction Group, marking a significant shift in the desalination market, traditionally dominated by Western and Japanese firms [12][14]. - This collaboration reflects a growing trend of Chinese companies becoming major players in the Middle East's infrastructure projects, enhancing competition and efficiency in the sector [14][18]. Future Outlook - The completion of Rabigh IV is anticipated in the first quarter of 2026, which will further stabilize water supply in the region and reduce historical anxieties related to water scarcity [15][19]. - The ongoing investments in desalination infrastructure are expected to alleviate water concerns in Saudi Arabia, showcasing a successful model of utilizing oil revenues for sustainable water solutions [17][19].