Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in green bio-manufacturing, particularly focusing on the synthesis of aliphatic short-chain diamines and diols from renewable resources, highlighting the importance of reducing reliance on fossil resources and addressing environmental concerns [3][4][5]. Group 1: Importance of Green Bio-Manufacturing - The chemical industry is a significant part of the national economy, with over 100,000 types of fine chemical products globally. Traditional production methods heavily rely on fossil resources, leading to resource depletion and CO2 emissions [4]. - Transitioning to renewable resources for bio-manufacturing is crucial for achieving a clean, low-carbon, and sustainable environment. China has set goals to replace traditional chemical raw materials with bio-based materials [4][5]. Group 2: Advances in Bio-Synthesis - Significant progress has been made in the bio-synthesis of 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, and their corresponding diols, with commercial applications already realized by companies like DuPont and Genomatica, achieving cost reductions of 37% and energy savings of 30% compared to petrochemical processes [5][6]. - Companies such as Ningxia Yipin Biotechnology and Shanghai Kaisi Bio-Industry have successfully scaled up the production of 1,5-pentanediamine using whole-cell catalysis, claiming a 30% cost reduction compared to traditional methods [5][6]. Group 3: Challenges in Bio-Synthesis - Despite advancements, challenges remain in the bio-synthesis of most diamines and diols, including high production costs and the lack of natural biosynthetic pathways for certain compounds [6][7]. - Research is focused on developing bio-synthesis routes using non-food biomass and one-carbon feedstocks to reduce fossil resource dependence and CO2 emissions [6][7]. Group 4: Metabolic Pathways and Carbon Cycling - The article outlines the carbon cycling and metabolic pathways involved in utilizing renewable resources for bio-manufacturing, emphasizing the role of biomass derived from agriculture, forestry, and waste [8][9]. - Various metabolic pathways for sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass have been identified, which can be utilized for synthesizing short-chain diamines and diols [11][13]. Group 5: Synthesis Routes for Specific Compounds - Detailed synthesis routes for 1,3-propanediamine and 1,3-propanediol are discussed, highlighting the use of key amino acid precursors and various microbial pathways [20][21]. - The synthesis of 1,4-butanediamine and 1,4-butanediol involves multiple pathways, including those utilizing ornithine and arginine, with significant advancements in microbial engineering to enhance yields [23][24]. - The article also covers the synthesis routes for 1,5-pentanediamine and 1,5-pentanediol, focusing on the use of lysine as a precursor and the challenges in achieving high yields [25][26].