Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the potential of synthetic biology to transform Mars into a habitable environment for humans, leveraging advanced technologies to engineer biological systems that can survive and thrive in Martian conditions [1][3]. Group 1: Synthetic Biology Overview - Synthetic biology is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates biology, physics, and chemistry to create new biological systems or products [2]. - Key technologies supporting synthetic biology include gene editing and sequencing, with CRISPR/Cas9 being a notable advancement that enhances precision and efficiency in genetic modifications [2]. - The potential economic value of synthetic biology is projected to reach $4 trillion within the next 10-20 years, with 60% of global products potentially being produced or repurposed using synthetic biology techniques [3]. Group 2: Mars Transformation Strategies - Microorganisms could be engineered to absorb harmful radiation on Mars, similar to extremophiles on Earth that thrive in harsh environments [4]. - Certain anaerobic microorganisms can detoxify Martian soil, which contains harmful perchlorates, by converting them into harmless chloride ions [4]. - There is a theoretical possibility of designing microorganisms that can survive on Mars and release oxygen and nitrogen, thereby altering the Martian atmosphere [5]. Group 3: Climate and Environmental Modifications - The average temperature on Mars is approximately -27°C, and one proposed method to warm the planet involves installing reflective mirrors in space to melt ice, although this could take around 200 years [6]. - Synthetic biology could expedite the warming process by engineering microorganisms to produce greenhouse gases, enhancing the greenhouse effect on Mars [6]. Group 4: Challenges and Considerations - The implementation of microbial engineering on Mars faces significant challenges, including the effects of low gravity and space radiation on biological processes [7]. - There are concerns about the ecological impact of introducing engineered microorganisms to Mars, which could disrupt any existing Martian life forms [7]. - Open discussions regarding the potential ecological consequences and guidelines for introducing synthetic biology to Mars are deemed essential for future missions [7].