Core Viewpoint - Targeting the gut microbiome is considered a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) showing limited success in clinical studies [3] Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in Nature Microbiology identified a specific microbial consortium, named RCom, derived from clinical responders of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, which enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mice [3][6] - The research team utilized metagenomic analysis and computational predictions to determine bacterial species associated with immune therapy responses in NSCLC patients, constructing a defined consortium of 15 bacterial species [6] Group 2: Characteristics and Effects of RCom - RCom is characterized as a stable and cooperative microbial community, capable of colonizing the intestines of mice and producing immunomodulatory metabolites [8] - In mouse models, oral administration of RCom significantly improved anti-tumor effects of anti-PD-1 therapy by enhancing the infiltration and cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells within tumors, demonstrating effectiveness across different baseline gut microbiome compositions [8] - RCom also has the potential to overcome resistance to treatment, as it can limit the therapeutic resistance conferred by fecal microbiota from non-responding patients [8]