Group 1: Digital Government Services Overview - The report highlights the importance of digital government services in enhancing public service accessibility and user experience across G7 countries and Ukraine[2] - It emphasizes the shift from e-government to digital government, focusing on using technology and data to improve government operations and services[6] - G7 members are committed to sharing case studies of digital government services to guide future initiatives and discussions[6] Group 2: Key Digital Identity Solutions - Most G7 countries have implemented single sign-on or federated identity solutions, simplifying access to online government services[11] - For instance, the UK’s GOV.UK One Login has created 1.7 million accounts and verified 4.1 million identities as of April 2024[12] - Italy's SPID system allows approximately 37.5 million citizens to access services from 17,744 administrative bodies[16] Group 3: Data Sharing and Open Data Initiatives - G7 countries are advancing open data initiatives, with 50% of high-value government datasets available as open data, slightly above the OECD average of 47%[42] - Italy's ANPR database facilitates the sharing of resident information across over 7,900 municipalities, enhancing service delivery[31] - The EU's open data portal, data.europa.eu, provides access to 1.7 million datasets from 35 European countries[39] Group 4: Digital Payment and Notification Services - A unified digital payment system can streamline payments for government services, improving efficiency and reducing administrative costs[60] - Italy's SEND platform has sent approximately 4 million notifications since its launch in July 2023, enhancing communication between the government and citizens[59] - Canada's GCNotify integrates email and SMS notifications, providing a secure tool for government departments[60]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the tourism industry in Spain. Core Insights - Tourism is a cornerstone of Spain's economy, with international tourist arrivals reaching 85.0 million in 2023, exceeding pre-pandemic levels by 1.8%, and generating EUR 108.8 billion in international tourist expenditure [20][21] - The report emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to tourism that maximizes positive impacts while minimizing negative environmental and social effects [21][25] - A tailored indicator framework has been developed to measure and monitor the sustainability of tourism in four Spanish regions: Andalusia, Catalonia, Navarra, and the Region of Valencia [25][26] Summary by Sections Foreword - The OECD has supported four Spanish regions in developing a system of indicators to measure tourism sustainability, funded by the European Union [6][10] - The project aims to build a more sustainable, resilient, and digital tourism ecosystem in Europe post-COVID [6] Chapter 1: Policy Context - The chapter outlines the policy context and aims of the initiative, highlighting the challenges faced by regional governments in measuring tourism's economic, social, and environmental impacts [29][33] - It discusses the National Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, which aims to modernize and build a sustainable tourism sector [31][32] Chapter 2: Existing Frameworks - This chapter reviews existing sustainability initiatives and indicator frameworks globally, identifying gaps in measuring tourism sustainability beyond economic factors [22][23] Chapter 3: Indicator Framework - A system of indicators has been developed, structured around 11 policy issues, including economic benefits, local community sentiment, and environmental management [26][27] - The framework includes 21 core indicators and 9 supplementary indicators, with a focus on regional specificities [26][27] Chapter 4: Compilation Guide - Detailed guidance is provided for compiling indicators across governance, economic, social, and environmental dimensions [34][35] Chapter 5: Future Development - The report outlines avenues for refining indicator methodologies and addressing data gaps related to cultural heritage, greenhouse gas emissions, and digitalization [28][39]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the public procurement industry in Hungary. Core Insights - The report highlights that public procurement in Hungary accounts for 16.4% of GDP and 33.8% of government expenditure, indicating its significant role in the economy [7] - The Hungarian government has committed to reducing the share of public procurement resulting in single bids to below 15% for both EU and national funded projects [17] - The report emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to improve competition in public procurement, addressing various root causes of low supplier participation [8] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Hungary has a high rate of single-bid procedures, with a drop to 33% in 2022 from around 40% during 2019-2021 [17] - The government is implementing reforms to enhance competition, including a monitoring tool and a performance measurement framework [17][18] Chapter 1: The Role of Competition - Competition is essential for achieving value for money in public procurement, with significant cost savings associated with competitive processes [27] - The prevalence of single-bid procedures is a major concern, with single bidding increasing prices by approximately 9.6% [31] Chapter 2: State of Competition in Hungary - The report analyzes the existing frameworks for measuring competition, including the Single-bid Reporting Tool and the Public Procurement Performance Measurement Framework [45] - It provides an overview of competition levels across various sectors and regions in Hungary [45] Chapter 3: Strengthening Collaboration - The report discusses the need for better coordination among key stakeholders in the public procurement system to enhance competition [21] - It suggests that the government should streamline monitoring and control systems to avoid overlaps and ensure consistent interpretation of laws [21] Chapter 4: Enhancing Capacities - Recommendations include improving the capacities of contracting authorities and bidders to make procurement opportunities more attractive [24] - The report emphasizes the importance of training for both public procurement officials and private sector participants, especially SMEs [24] Chapter 5: Recommendations - The report outlines specific measures for enhancing competition, including mandatory market consultations and action plans for contracting authorities [34] - It stresses the importance of continuous monitoring and assessment of the impact of implemented measures on competition levels [22]

Industry Overview - The report focuses on the competition policy in digital markets, particularly the combined effect of ex ante and ex post instruments in G7 jurisdictions [1][3] - Regulators are increasingly concerned about the market power of large digital platforms and their influence across markets, leading to debates on the effectiveness of competition law enforcement in addressing digital competition concerns [3] - The OECD was tasked with compiling an inventory of legislative reforms aimed at addressing digital competition issues in G7 jurisdictions, with the analysis expanding to non-G7 jurisdictions in 2023 [4] Core Findings - The report highlights the convergence and divergence between regulatory regimes proposed to address digital competition concerns, focusing on key competition issues and enforcement patterns in G7 countries [6] - It analyzes recent antitrust cases to identify problematic conducts and the remedies implemented by competition authorities, with a focus on the complementarities and overlaps between ex ante and ex post instruments [7] - The report also examines the extraterritorial effects of national enforcement activities in digital markets, particularly how platforms' compliance strategies may impact global markets [7] Key Competition Concerns Anti-Steering Practices and MFNs - Anti-steering practices and most-favored-nation (MFN) clauses have been a major focus of competition enforcement, with platforms like Apple and Amazon facing scrutiny for restricting business users from offering better terms or steering consumers to alternative channels [13][14] - Remedies in these cases often require platforms to remove or not enforce anti-steering and MFN provisions, with similar measures being incorporated into ex ante regulations like the EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA) [18][19] Use of Data - The accumulation and use of user data by large platforms have raised competition concerns, particularly around platforms leveraging data to gain unfair advantages in related markets [22] - Enforcement actions have targeted platforms like Amazon and Meta for using non-public data from business users to inform their own retail or advertising decisions, with behavioral commitments being accepted to address these concerns [23][24] Self-Preferencing - Self-preferencing, where platforms favor their own products or services over those of competitors, has been a growing concern, with investigations targeting Amazon, Google, and Apple [30][31] - Remedies in these cases vary, with some jurisdictions considering structural remedies, such as requiring divestitures, to address the underlying conflicts of interest [33] Tying and Bundling Practices - Tying and bundling practices, particularly in mobile operating systems and app stores, have been a longstanding focus of competition enforcement, with Google and Apple facing multiple investigations [37][38] - Remedies have included allowing alternative payment systems and improving interoperability, with ex ante regulations like the DMA also addressing these issues [42] Compliance and Extraterritorial Effects - Platforms generally tailor their compliance measures to the jurisdiction at stake, with limited extraterritorial effects observed [47][48] - However, in some cases, platforms have made global changes in response to enforcement actions, particularly when multiple jurisdictions investigate the same conduct [49][53] - The report notes that platforms' compliance strategies are influenced by the costs and benefits of maintaining differentiated operations across jurisdictions, with potential fragmentation of services and outcomes for users [57][58] Conclusion - The report concludes that ex ante regulations and traditional antitrust enforcement will continue to play complementary roles in addressing competition concerns in digital markets, with ongoing uncertainty about the effectiveness of remedies and compliance strategies [61][62] - International cooperation and knowledge sharing will be critical to mitigate the risks of fragmentation and ensure consistent outcomes across jurisdictions [67]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The Egyptian Goodwill Committee is focused on enhancing child-friendly justice and addressing international parental child abduction cases, with a commitment to improving governance and legal frameworks [7][18]. - The report emphasizes the need for Egypt to consider ratifying the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction to align with international standards and improve cooperation with OECD member states [22][34]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The Goodwill Committee has managed approximately 200 international parental child abduction cases since its establishment in 2000, with around 85 still active [18]. - The review identifies opportunities for reform in governance arrangements, multilateral ratification, and addressing systemic barriers [19]. Assessment and Recommendations - The report outlines three main streams for reform: enhancing governance arrangements, reviewing multilateral ratification, and implementing prevention mechanisms [25]. - Recommendations include including new child justice institutions in the Committee, clarifying roles and responsibilities, and revising the Committee's mandate to prioritize the best interests of the child [30]. Understanding Child Rights and Child Abduction Frameworks - Egypt has ratified key international instruments for child rights, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child [40]. - The report discusses the complexities of international parental child abduction and the need for effective governance frameworks to manage such cases [45][51]. Strengthening the Mandate and Institutional Arrangements - Recommendations include enhancing the Committee's capacity by including the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood and the Child Protection Bureau as permanent members [20]. - The report suggests streamlining access to the Committee's services and improving case management processes [21]. Enhancing Access and Participation - The report highlights the importance of developing a user-friendly communication strategy to raise awareness of the Committee's services [33]. - It also emphasizes the need for procedural improvements to facilitate access and participation in the justice process [4.4]. Considering a Transition to Multilateral Governance - The report recommends that the Government of Egypt assess the viability of ratifying the Hague Convention to strengthen its governance framework [34]. Removing Systemic Barriers and Considering Prevention Mechanisms - The report identifies systemic barriers such as child travel bans and suggests mechanisms to mitigate these issues, including requiring parents to register their contact details upon entry to Egypt [35].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report emphasizes that business as usual is unsustainable, with plastic production projected to rise from 435 million tonnes (Mt) in 2020 to 736 Mt in 2040, while mismanaged waste is expected to increase from 81 Mt in 2020 to 119 Mt in 2040 [29][30] - It highlights the need for stringent policies across the plastics lifecycle to prevent growth in primary plastics production and nearly eliminate plastic leakage to the environment by 2040 [30][31] - The report outlines that global ambition has modest macroeconomic costs, with a projected 0.5% global GDP loss in 2040 compared to the baseline scenario, but with significant environmental benefits [30][31] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report investigates the potential benefits and consequences of varying levels of international policy ambition to tackle plastic pollution, emphasizing that partial measures are insufficient to end plastic pollution [28][29] - It presents a scenario where stringent policies can limit total plastics use to 508 Mt in 2040 and enhance recycling rates to 42%, nearly eliminating mismanaged waste [30][31] Chapter 1: Context and Objectives - The chapter discusses the dual role of plastics in society, providing benefits while also contributing to severe environmental and health issues [36][37] - It notes the international commitment to develop a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, highlighting the urgency for comprehensive policy approaches [37][38] Chapter 2: Business-as-Usual is Unsustainable - The report projects that plastic waste will grow to 617 Mt by 2040, with significant leakage to the environment increasing to 30 Mt [29][30] - It emphasizes that current policies are inadequate to alter trends in plastic flows and pollution significantly [30][31] Chapter 3: Modelling Policy Packages - The chapter details the modelling framework used to analyze various policy scenarios, focusing on the lifecycle of plastics and the economic activities driving their use [43][44] - It presents ten policy instruments grouped into four pillars aimed at curbing plastic production and enhancing recycling [16][46] Chapter 4: Implications of Policy Scenarios with Partial Ambition - The report indicates that partial ambition scenarios fail to eliminate plastic leakage and can only modestly slow down primary plastics use [30][31] - It highlights the importance of strong policy commitments to achieve significant reductions in mismanaged plastic waste [30][31] Chapter 5: Implications of Policy Scenarios with High Ambition - The report asserts that ambitious integrated policies can decouple economic activity from plastics use and significantly reduce mismanaged plastic waste [30][31] - It emphasizes that all policy pillars are essential in achieving the goal of eliminating plastic waste by 2040 [30][31] Chapter 6: Comparison of Costs Across Scenarios - The analysis shows that policy packages targeting all stages of the plastics lifecycle are more cost-effective at the macroeconomic level [30][31] - It notes that non-OECD countries face higher investment needs to enhance waste management systems [30][31] Chapter 7: Challenges and Priorities - The chapter discusses the need for significant technical, economic, and governance improvements to implement ambitious policies globally [30][31] - It highlights the importance of international cooperation and financing to support developing countries in their policy efforts [30][31]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The document serves as a user guide for the Amended Common Reporting Standard (CRS) XML Schema, which facilitates the automatic exchange of financial account information between tax administrations [6][11] - The CRS is designed to enhance transparency and combat tax evasion by enabling jurisdictions to obtain and exchange financial information on reportable accounts [11][12] - The XML schema is structured to support the reporting requirements of the CRS, including detailed specifications for data elements and their attributes [12][13] Summary by Sections Introduction - The OECD, in collaboration with G20 countries, developed a common standard for reporting and exchanging financial account information [11] - The schema is a technical solution for holding and transmitting information electronically [11][12] CRS Schema Information - The schema includes a message header, details about account holders, and reporting financial institutions [13] - It reuses elements from the FATCA schema, indicating some elements are optional for CRS reporting [15] Guidance on Correction Process - The user guide provides instructions on how to correct data items within a file that can be processed automatically [12][16] Appendix A - Contains diagrams representing the CRS XML Schema with all its elements [17] Appendix B - Includes a glossary of namespaces for the CRS XML Schema [17]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The document outlines the Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) approved by the OECD in 2023, which facilitates the automatic exchange of information between tax administrations regarding crypto-assets [6][12]. - The CARF XML Schema is designed for the exchange of information reported under CARF between competent authorities and can also be used for domestic reporting by Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers [13][12]. - The CARF Body contains information on Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers, Crypto-Asset Users, and relevant transactions, ensuring compliance with tax reporting requirements [67]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The CARF User Guide links to the CARF XML Schema, which is divided into logical sections detailing specific data elements and attributes [12]. CARF XML Schema - The schema includes a Message Header, Organisation Party type, Person Party type, and the CARF Body, which collectively facilitate the reporting process [12][67]. Message Header - The Message Header identifies the sender, recipient, message type, and reporting period, ensuring clarity in communication between tax administrations [18][19]. Organisation Party Type - This section defines the information related to Entity Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers and Entity Crypto-Asset Users, including residence country codes and tax identification numbers [26][29]. Person Party Type - The Person Party Type provides identification information for individual Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers and Crypto-Asset Users, including tax identification numbers and addresses [44][49]. CARF Body - The CARF Body includes details on Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers and Crypto-Asset Users, as well as information on relevant transactions, ensuring comprehensive reporting [67]. Annexes - The report includes diagrams and a glossary of namespaces related to the CARF XML Schema, aiding in understanding the structure and requirements of the schema [16][8].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report highlights a shift in tax policy reforms across OECD countries, indicating a trend towards increasing tax rates and broadening tax bases in response to economic challenges and the need for additional revenues [13][15][16] - Policymakers are balancing the need for increased domestic resources with the necessity of providing tax relief to alleviate the cost-of-living crisis affecting households and businesses [14][19] - The trend of decreasing corporate income tax (CIT) rates has halted, with more jurisdictions implementing rate increases for the first time since 2015, reflecting a need for additional revenues and equity within the tax system [16][63] - Significant progress has been made towards implementing the Global Minimum Tax (GMT), with 60 jurisdictions taking steps towards its introduction [16] Summary by Sections Macroeconomic Background - Global GDP growth was estimated at 3.1% in 2023, with many economies affected by high inflation and geopolitical tensions [23] - The unemployment rate in OECD countries was 4.9% at the end of 2023, indicating a stable labor market despite economic challenges [30] - Public debt rose to 113% of GDP for the OECD as a whole in 2023, with government deficits increasing again due to the energy crisis [36] Tax Revenue Context - The average tax-to-GDP ratio across OECD countries decreased by 0.15 percentage points to 34.0% in 2022, with significant variations in tax revenue sources [43][45] - High-income countries saw a rise in corporate income tax revenues driven by heightened profits, particularly in the energy sector [43] Tax Policy Reforms - The report documents tax reforms introduced or announced in 2023 across 90 jurisdictions, showing a trend towards increasing rates and broadening bases [13][59] - Personal income tax (PIT) reforms focused on supporting low- and middle-income households, while social security contributions (SSCs) have seen increases in many jurisdictions [17][66] - VAT relief measures on energy products are slowing, with some jurisdictions increasing their standard VAT rates [19][67]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the critical need for investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, particularly in developing countries, to support sustainable development goals and manage climate change impacts [10][11][29]. Core Insights - Climate change is increasingly affecting infrastructure, leading to severe damages and disruptions, necessitating proactive investments in climate resilience to protect economic returns and ensure business continuity [10][24][27]. - The report highlights that for every USD 1 invested in climate-resilient infrastructure, there can be an average of USD 4 in benefits over the asset's lifetime, showcasing the economic rationale for such investments [25][49]. - It stresses the importance of integrating climate resilience into all new infrastructure investments and leveraging innovative financial instruments to mobilize additional funding [14][58][59]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Infrastructure damages from climate change are expected to worsen, making climate resilience essential for sustainable development [10][11]. - Developing countries face urgent infrastructure needs while managing climate risks, highlighting the necessity for targeted investments [10][11]. Rationale for Climate-Resilient Infrastructure - Climate change has already led to significant warming and increased climate risks, with global mean temperatures exceeding pre-industrial levels by over 1.4°C in 2023 [31]. - The estimated annual cost of adaptation for energy and transportation infrastructure in developing countries ranges from USD 9 billion to USD 35 billion [31]. Assessing Climate Risks - Different infrastructure sectors face varying climate hazards, necessitating tailored risk assessments to understand vulnerabilities and impacts [32][34]. Mainstreaming Climate Resilience - Governments can integrate climate resilience into infrastructure planning through mechanisms like National Adaptation Plans and Environmental Impact Assessments [13][14]. - Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) play a crucial role in ensuring climate resilience in infrastructure projects in developing countries [13]. Mobilizing Additional Finance - Innovative financial instruments such as green bonds and blended finance mechanisms can attract investment for climate-resilient infrastructure [14][28]. - Tax incentives and emission trading mechanisms can further support funding for climate resilience initiatives [14].