西部证券股份有限公司 关于圣湘生物科技股份有限公司 使用部分暂时闲置募集资金进行现金管理的核查意见 西部证券股份有限公司（以下简称"保荐人"）作为圣湘生物科技股份有限 公司（以下简称"圣湘生物"或"公司"）首次公开发行股票并在科创板上市的 保荐人，根据《证券发行上市保荐业务管理办法》、《上海证券交易所科创板股 票上市规则（2020 年 12 月修订）》《上市公司监管指引第 2 号——上市公司募 集资金管理和使用的监管要求（2022 年修订）》和《上海证券交易所上市公司自 律监管指引第 1 号——规范运作》等相关规定，对圣湘生物本次使用部分暂时闲 置募集资金进行现金管理的事项进行了审慎核查，具体核查情况如下： 一、本次募集资金基本情况 根据中国证券监督管理委员会（以下简称"中国证监会"）《关于同意圣湘 生物科技股份有限公司首次公开发行股票注册的批复》（证监许可[2020]1580 号）， 公司获准向社会首次公开发行股票 4,000 万股，每股发行价格为 50.48 元，本次 发行募集资金总额人民币 201,920.00 万元，实际募集资金净额为人民币 186,926.98 万元。中审众环会计师事务所（特殊普通合 ...

大股东持股的基本情况 截至本公告披露日，朱锦伟先生持有圣湘生物科技股份有限公司（以下简称 "圣湘生物"或"公司"）股份 50,362,170 股，占公司股份总数 8.56%，其中 41,778,170 股为公司首次公开发行并在科创板上市前的股份及公司实施资本公 积转增股本相应增加的股份，首发前股份已于 2021 年 8 月 30 日起上市流通，资 本公积转增相应增加的股份已于 2022 年 6 月 2 日上市流通；其中 8,584,000 股 为朱锦伟先生通过大宗交易方式取得。 减持计划的主要内容 因自身财务需求及安排，朱锦伟先生拟通过集中竞价交易的方式减持其所持 有的圣湘生物股份合计不超过 11,769,196 股，占公司总股本的比例为 2.00%， 自减持计划发布之日起 15 个交易日之后的 6 个月内实施，且任意连续 90 日内减 持的股份总数不超过公司股份总数的 1%。 证券代码：688289 证券简称：圣湘生物 公告编号：2023-049 圣湘生物科技股份有限公司 持股 5%以上股东集中竞价减持股份计划公告 本公司董事会、全体董事及相关股东保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、 误导性陈述或者重大遗漏， ...

2023 年第一季度报告 证券代码：688289 证券简称：圣湘生物 2023 年第一季度报告 重要内容提示 公司负责人、主管会计工作负责人及会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）保证季度报告中财务信息 的真实、准确、完整。 □是 √否 (一)主要会计数据和财务指标 1 / 14 | --- | --- | --- | --- | |----------------------------------|------------------|------------------|---------------------------------------| | 稀释每股收益（元 / 股） | | 0.10 | -91.07 | | 加权平均净资产收益率（ % ） | | 0.80 | 减少 8.97 个百分点 | | 研发投入合计 | | 48,784,347.25 | 11.26 | | 研发投入占营业收入的比例 （ % ） | | 25.00 | 增加 21.95 个百分点 | | | 本报告期末 | 上年度末 | 本报告期末比上年度 末增减变动幅度 (%) | | 总资产 | 8,727,054,733.64 ...

证券代码：688289 证券简称：圣湘生物 公告编号：2023-025 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者 重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性依法承担法律责任。 圣湘生物科技股份有限公司（以下简称"公司"）已于 2023 年 4 月 19 日发布公 司 2022 年度报告，并将于 2023 年 4 月 26 日发布公司 2023 年第一季度报告，为便于 广大投资者更全面深入地了解公司经营成果、财务状况，公司计划于 2023 年 5 月 5 日上午 11:00-12:00 举行 2022 年度暨 2023 年第一季度业绩说明会，就投资者关心的 问题进行交流。 重要内容提示： 一、说明会类型 本次投资者说明会以网络互动形式召开，公司将针对 2022 年度及 2023 年第一季 度的经营成果及财务指标的具体情况与投资者进行互动交流和沟通，在信息披露允许 的范围内就投资者普遍关注的问题进行回答。 会议召开时间：2023 年 5 月 5 日(星期五)上午 11:00-12:00 会议召开地点：上海证券交易所上证路演中心（网址：http://roadshow.sseinfo. ...

Financial Performance - The company achieved total operating revenue of CNY 645,035.66 million, a year-on-year increase of 42.88%[1] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was CNY 193,680.05 million, a year-on-year decrease of 13.64%[1] - Operating costs rose to CNY 2,655,367.60 million, reflecting a significant increase of 107.61% compared to the previous year[3] - The net cash flow from operating activities was CNY 2,558,946.92 million, up 36.33% year-on-year, driven by increased sales[3] - The company's operating revenue for 2022 was CNY 6,450,356,637.86, representing a 42.88% increase compared to CNY 4,514,539,266.46 in 2021[56] - Net profit attributable to shareholders for 2022 was CNY 1,936,800,511.21, a decrease of 13.64% from CNY 2,242,696,395.58 in 2021[56] - The net cash flow from operating activities for 2022 was CNY 2,558,946,923.35, an increase of 36.33% compared to CNY 1,877,070,615.13 in 2021[56] - The company's total assets at the end of 2022 were CNY 9,173,762,083.74, a 29.38% increase from CNY 7,090,370,148.22 at the end of 2021[56] - The weighted average return on equity for 2022 was 27.29%, a decrease of 11.73 percentage points from 39.02% in 2021[56] Research and Development - Research and development expenses increased by 76.97% to CNY 331,834.41 million, indicating a focus on innovation[3] - Research and development expenses accounted for 5.23% of operating revenue in 2022, an increase of 1.08 percentage points from 4.15% in 2021[56] - The total R&D expenditure reached CNY 33,715.45 million, an increase of 79.81% compared to the previous year, with 546 R&D personnel, up by 167 from the end of 2021[80][89] - The company has filed 111 new patents, including 4 overseas patents, enhancing its innovation capabilities[113] - The company has added 167 R&D personnel, bringing the total to 546, with expertise across multiple fields including molecular biology and immunology[198] - The company’s R&D expenses increased significantly, with a total of ¥331.83 million in expensed R&D, up 76.97% from the previous year[197] Market Expansion and Internationalization - The company has established overseas subsidiaries in Indonesia, France, the UK, the Philippines, and the USA, expanding its global footprint[16] - Products have been exported to over 160 countries and regions, including France, Italy, and the UAE, as part of the internationalization strategy[16] - The company plans to expand its market presence in Southeast Asia, targeting a 15% market share by 2025[72] - The company has completed the acquisition of a local biotech firm for RMB 150 million to enhance its product portfolio[72] - The company has expanded its presence in major provincial cities and established partnerships with leading hospitals and medical institutions, enhancing its market position[27] Quality Control and Compliance - The company emphasizes a quality-first approach, implementing a comprehensive quality control system throughout the production process[17] - The company has implemented a strict quality management system, achieving ISO13485 and ISO 9001 certifications to ensure product quality and safety in production[155] Risk Management - The company has received multiple government subsidies and tax incentives as a high-tech enterprise, which may be adversely affected by future policy changes[23] - The company has implemented foreign exchange hedging to mitigate risks from currency fluctuations, particularly in its export business[23] - The company is facing industry risks due to strict regulatory policies in the medical device sector, which may impact its operational strategies[24] - The company is actively adapting to market changes and regulatory policies resulting from healthcare reforms in China[24] Shareholder Returns - The company distributed a total cash dividend of RMB 1,007,445,013.62, accounting for 52.02% of the net profit attributable to shareholders in 2022[41] - The company plans to distribute a cash dividend of CNY 4.321 per 10 shares, totaling CNY 250,052,277.83, subject to shareholder approval[63] - The company has engaged in share buybacks, with a total expenditure of RMB 257,387,915.84 during the reporting period[41] - The company has implemented a cash dividend policy since its listing in August 2020, distributing over 1.6 billion RMB in cash dividends across six occasions[100] Product Development and Innovation - The company launched a new PCR testing kit, which is expected to generate an additional RMB 100 million in revenue within the first year[72] - The company has launched several new products, including a six-pathogen respiratory test and HPV 23 typing, addressing industry pain points[107] - The company has developed a comprehensive HPV testing solution, becoming a leader in the domestic HPV DNA testing market with the most certified products[117] - The company has developed a unique rapid drug sensitivity testing technology that addresses the long time and high failure rate currently associated with detecting antibiotic sensitivity, which helps improve the clinical issues of antibiotic misuse and overuse[122] - The company has developed advanced digital PCR technology, enhancing efficiency and accuracy for clinical applications[190] Social Responsibility - The company has donated over 30 million yuan in cash and materials for public health events and disaster relief, highlighting its commitment to social responsibility[149]

方正证券、海通证券、中信证券、光大证券、天风证券、兴证 参与单位 证券、国联证券、西部证券、奥博资本、华宝基金、鹏华基金、 光大保德信基金等 增长情况如何？ 答：2021 年度公司营业收入 451,453.93 万元，其中新冠 投资者关系活 业务收入 305,372.70 万元，非新冠业务收入 146,081.23 万 动主要内容介 元，占比 32.36%，公司 2021 年战略产线业务收入为 75,779.87 绍 万元，已达成 2021 年限制性股票激励计划的目标值，预计未 来仍将保持 30%以上的年增长率，为公司未来业绩长期成长及 可持续发展奠定基础。公司将持续聚焦呼吸道、妇科生殖感染、 证券代码：688289 证券简称：圣湘生物 圣湘生物科技股份有限公司 投资者关系活动记录表 编号：2022-05-01 | --- | --- | --- | |------------|-----------------------|-------------| | | | | | | 特定对象调研 | □分析师会议 | | 投资者关系 | □媒体采访 □业绩说明会 | | | 活动类别 | □新闻发布会 □路演活动 ...

Financial Performance - The company's operating revenue for Q3 2022 was ¥1,378,295,460.19, representing an increase of 11.25% year-over-year[9]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders for Q3 2022 was ¥473,436,697.42, a decrease of 25.59% compared to the same period last year[9]. - The basic earnings per share for Q3 2022 were ¥0.81, down 24.68% year-over-year[12]. - The weighted average return on equity for Q3 2022 was 6.34%, a decrease of 4.19 percentage points compared to the same period last year[12]. - The company's net profit for the third quarter of 2022 was approximately ¥1.60 billion, a decrease from ¥1.76 billion in the same period of 2021, representing a decline of about 9.06%[35]. - Operating profit for the third quarter of 2022 was approximately ¥1.89 billion, down from ¥2.07 billion in the previous year, indicating a decrease of around 8.54%[35]. - The total comprehensive income for the third quarter of 2022 was approximately ¥1.61 billion, compared to ¥1.77 billion in the same period of 2021, indicating a decline of about 9.3%[38]. - The company reported a tax expense of approximately ¥272.82 million for the third quarter of 2022, a decrease from ¥300.19 million in the same period of 2021[35]. Assets and Liabilities - The total assets at the end of Q3 2022 reached ¥8,597,332,591.32, reflecting a year-over-year increase of 21.25%[12]. - The company's total assets as of September 30, 2022, amounted to ¥8,597,332,591.32, compared to ¥7,090,370,148.22 at the end of 2021, reflecting a growth of 21.2%[31]. - The total liabilities increased to ¥864,770,293.63 from ¥709,029,210.22, marking a rise of 22%[29]. - The company reported a total equity attributable to shareholders of ¥7,720,799,786.18, which is a 21.23% increase from the end of the previous year[12]. - The company's equity attributable to shareholders increased to ¥7,720,799,786.18 from ¥6,368,907,121.24, reflecting a growth of 21.3%[32]. Cash Flow and Investments - The net cash flow from operating activities for the year-to-date period was ¥1,227,927,781.28, down 14.24% year-over-year[12]. - Cash flow from operating activities for the first nine months of 2022 was approximately ¥1.23 billion, a decrease of about 14.2% from ¥1.43 billion in the same period of 2021[40]. - The company reported cash inflow from investment activities of approximately ¥7.43 billion for the first nine months of 2022, significantly higher than ¥3.99 billion in the same period of 2021[43]. - The net cash flow from investment activities for the first nine months of 2022 was approximately -¥1.08 billion, an improvement from -¥1.43 billion in the same period of 2021[43]. - Cash and cash equivalents decreased to ¥2,457,151,066.75 from ¥2,636,222,732.29, a decline of 6.8%[23]. - The cash and cash equivalents at the end of the third quarter of 2022 were approximately ¥2.45 billion, an increase from ¥2.35 billion at the end of the same period in 2021[43]. Research and Development - Research and development expenses for Q3 2022 amounted to ¥79,035,747.52, up 103.59% year-over-year, indicating a strong focus on innovation[12]. - The proportion of R&D expenses to operating revenue was 5.73%, an increase of 2.60 percentage points compared to the same period last year[12]. - Research and development expenses increased to ¥180,146,814.37, a rise of 97.5% compared to ¥91,242,557.34 in the previous year[32]. Revenue and Costs - Total operating revenue for the first three quarters of 2022 reached ¥4,068,233,187.27, an increase of 24.5% compared to ¥3,267,195,316.27 in the same period of 2021[32]. - Total operating costs for the same period were ¥2,237,583,317.43, up 74.7% from ¥1,281,834,656.42 in 2021[32]. - Total revenue from operating activities for the first nine months of 2022 reached approximately ¥4.34 billion, an increase of about 31.3% compared to ¥3.31 billion in the same period of 2021[40]. Inventory and Receivables - Inventory levels rose significantly to ¥555,999,970.98, compared to ¥369,503,323.71, an increase of 50.5%[27]. - The company reported a significant increase in accounts receivable, which rose to ¥938,517,850.95 from ¥794,673,471.33, an increase of 18.1%[23].

证券代码：688289 证券简称：圣湘生物 公告编号：2022-080 圣湘生物科技股份有限公司 关于参加湖南辖区上市公司 2022 年投资者网上集体接 待日活动的公告 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或 者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性依法承担法律责任。 为进一步做好投资者关系管理工作，增强与广大投资者的互动交流，圣湘生物 科技股份有限公司（以下简称"公司"）将参加由湖南证监局、湖南省上市公司协会 与深圳市全景网络有限公司联合举办的"湖南辖区上市公司 2022 年投资者网上集体 接待日"活动，现将有关事项公告如下： 本次投资者网上集体接待日活动将通过网络远程的方式举行，投资者可以登录 "全景路演"网站（http://rs.p5w.net）参与本次活动，活动时间为 2022 年 9 月 29 日（星 期四）14:00-17:00。 届时公司董事会秘书兼财务总监彭铸先生、市场部总监唐瑶先生、监事会主席 兼证券事务代表谭寤女士、投资者关系总监黄强先生将通过网络文字互动的形式与 投资者进行沟通与交流，欢迎广大投资者积极参与。 特此公告。 圣湘生物科技股份有限公司 董 ...

Financial Performance - The company reported a total revenue of RMB 500 million for the first half of 2022, representing a year-on-year increase of 20%[1]. - The company achieved total revenue of CNY 2,689,937,727.08 in the first half of 2022, representing a year-on-year increase of 32.62%[24]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was CNY 1,124,931,168.27, showing a slight increase of 0.36% compared to the same period last year[24]. - The net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was CNY 1,086,271,646.99, which is an increase of 2.53% year-on-year[24]. - The company's cash flow from operating activities reached CNY 919,579,232.38, up by 10.27% from the previous year[24]. - The company reported a significant increase in revenue, achieving a total of $X million for the first half of 2022, representing a Y% growth compared to the same period last year[136]. - The company reported a net profit margin of 12%, up from 10% in the previous year[127]. - The total profit for the first half of 2022 was CNY 1,266,267,755.77, down from CNY 1,322,199,470.43 in the same period of 2021, a decline of approximately 4.2%[198]. User Growth and Market Expansion - User data indicates that the active user base has grown to 1.2 million, up from 1 million in the previous period, marking a 20% increase[1]. - The company expects a revenue growth of 15% to 25% for the second half of 2022, projecting total revenue between RMB 575 million and RMB 625 million[1]. - Market expansion plans include entering three new provinces in China by Q4 2022, targeting an additional 10% market share[1]. - The company is focusing on expanding its international market presence, leveraging its COVID-19 testing solutions to build channels and customer resources[36]. - The company is considering potential acquisitions to enhance its product offerings and market presence, with a focus on G target companies[136]. Research and Development - The company is investing RMB 50 million in R&D for new technologies aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy and speed[1]. - The company's R&D expenditure reached CNY 10,111,110.00, a significant increase of 92.88% year-on-year, with R&D investment accounting for 3.76% of total revenue[26][25]. - The R&D team has expanded to 502 members, an increase of 123 from the end of 2021, covering various fields including molecular biology and immunology[51]. - The company has applied for 100 new patents during the reporting period to enhance its technology in sample processing, detection technology, automation control, and bioinformatics[40]. - The company aims to enhance its competitiveness by increasing R&D investment and developing new products to improve operational efficiency and market share[142]. Product Development and Innovation - New product launches include a next-generation diagnostic kit, which is expected to contribute an additional RMB 100 million in revenue by the end of 2022[1]. - The company has registered over 600 new product approvals during the reporting period, enhancing its international product development efforts[27]. - The company has developed over 500 high-performance products and offers more than 2,200 quality testing services in the field of in vitro diagnostics[32]. - The company has developed a "one-tube" detection system for DNA methylation, reducing the detection time from 6-8 hours to 2-3 hours, significantly improving efficiency and sensitivity[41]. - Multiple new products, including hepatitis and HIV testing kits, received EU CE List A certification, enhancing the company's position as a core supplier in infectious disease and blood screening[80]. Financial Management and Shareholder Value - The board has approved a profit distribution plan, with no plans for capital increase through retained earnings at this time[1]. - The company emphasizes its commitment to shareholder value, with plans to increase dividends by I% in the upcoming fiscal period[136]. - The company will implement an active profit distribution policy, focusing on reasonable returns to shareholders while ensuring sustainable development[138]. - The company commits to maintaining the continuity and stability of its profit distribution policy, with timely announcements in case of any violations[138]. - The company plans to initiate stock repurchase measures if the stock price falls below the latest audited net asset value per share for 20 consecutive trading days[130]. Risk Management - The company has identified potential risks related to regulatory changes and supply chain disruptions, with mitigation strategies in place[1]. - The company faces risks related to potential changes in tax incentives and government subsidies that could affect profitability[90]. - The company is exposed to foreign exchange risks due to its export business, primarily settled in USD and EUR[91]. Environmental and Compliance - The company has not faced any environmental penalties during the reporting period and has adhered to environmental laws and regulations[117]. - The company has implemented measures to ensure that emissions of pollutants meet national standards, including air, water, noise, and solid waste management[118]. - The company has achieved ISO14001 and ISO45001 certifications, indicating compliance with environmental management and occupational health and safety standards[119]. - The company guarantees that there are no fraudulent activities in the public offering of stocks and listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange's Sci-Tech Innovation Board[138]. Strategic Initiatives - The company is focusing on improving operational efficiency, aiming to reduce costs by 10% over the next year[1]. - A new marketing strategy is set to increase brand awareness by 25% over the next year[129]. - The company has established a strong brand image and customer loyalty, significantly enhancing distributor engagement and cooperation[76]. - The company has established subsidiaries in Indonesia, France, the UK, and the Philippines, expanding its international presence[73].

Financial Performance - The net profit attributable to shareholders for 2021 was CNY 2,242,696,395.58, with a distributable profit of CNY 3,780,104,914.61 as of December 31, 2021[7]. - The total cash dividends distributed in 2021 amounted to CNY 647,497,083.85, representing 28.87% of the net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders[10]. - The company's operating revenue for 2021 was approximately ¥4.51 billion, a decrease of 5.22% compared to ¥4.76 billion in 2020[34]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders for 2021 was approximately ¥2.24 billion, down 14.29% from ¥2.62 billion in 2020[34]. - The net cash flow from operating activities for 2021 was approximately ¥1.88 billion, down 28.96% from ¥2.64 billion in 2020[34]. - The gross margin for the year was reported at 60%, an increase from 55% in the previous year[20]. - The company achieved total operating revenue of CNY 4,514.54 million, a slight decrease of 5.22% compared to the previous year[38]. - The net profit attributable to the parent company was CNY 2,242.70 million, down 14.29% year-on-year, while the net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was CNY 2,150.54 million, a decrease of 17.05%[38]. - Operating costs increased by 31.87% to CNY 1,279,045,408.93, compared to CNY 969,952,932.60 in the previous year[151]. Dividend and Profit Distribution - The proposed cash dividend is CNY 3.75 per 10 shares, totaling CNY 148,203,262.88, subject to shareholder approval[7]. - The board of directors has approved the annual profit distribution plan, pending shareholder meeting approval[7]. - The company emphasizes the importance of protecting investor rights and aims for stable and continuous profit distribution[10]. Research and Development - Research and development expenses reached CNY 187.50 million, a significant increase of 126.53% compared to the previous year, representing 4.15% of operating revenue[38]. - The company registered 132 new domestic and international product approvals during the reporting period, enhancing its product portfolio[39]. - The company is actively involved in research and development, focusing on new product innovations and expanding into public health and disease prevention sectors[62]. - The company increased R&D investment to 187.50 million yuan, a significant year-on-year growth of 126.53%[109]. - R&D expenditure accounted for 4.15% of total revenue, up by 2.41 percentage points from the previous year[109]. Market Expansion and Strategy - The company plans to expand its market presence in Southeast Asia, targeting a 15% market share by 2023[20]. - The company has established overseas subsidiaries in Indonesia, France, the UK, and the Philippines, and set up offices in Thailand and Brazil to expand its global market presence[56]. - The company is focusing on enhancing its online sales platform, with a target to increase online sales by 35% in the upcoming year[20]. - The company aims to enhance its market share by leveraging distributors' networks and regional advantages to identify potential customers[75]. - The company is actively expanding its international market presence, particularly in the context of COVID-19 testing products, which have seen sustained demand[80]. Product Development and Innovation - New product development includes the launch of a next-generation nucleic acid testing kit, which is expected to enhance testing efficiency by 40%[20]. - The company has developed over 400 high-performance products and offers more than 2,200 quality testing services, focusing on various medical fields including viral hepatitis, reproductive infections, and cancer early screening[62]. - The company launched six respiratory pathogen nucleic acid test kits and received NMPA Class III medical device registration, expanding its product offerings in the respiratory disease detection market[90]. - The company developed a rapid COVID-19 antigen detection product with a testing time of just 10 minutes, achieving industry-leading sensitivity and specificity[104]. - The company is developing a new generation of miniaturized high-throughput sequencing platforms for various applications, including pathogen detection and cancer screening[117]. Operational Risks and Challenges - The company acknowledges various operational risks and has outlined corresponding mitigation strategies in the report[5]. - The company faces risks related to intensified market competition, particularly from multinational corporations like Roche and Abbott[141]. - Future changes in tax incentives and government subsidies could adversely affect the company's operating performance and profitability[145]. Financial Health and Assets - The net assets attributable to shareholders at the end of 2021 were approximately ¥6.37 billion, an increase of 34.21% from ¥4.75 billion at the end of 2020[34]. - The total assets at the end of 2021 were approximately ¥7.09 billion, an increase of 29.99% from ¥5.45 billion at the end of 2020[34]. - The company's total assets at the end of 2021 were CNY 7,090.37 million, an increase of 29.99% year-on-year, and the equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company grew by 34.21% to CNY 6,368.91 million[39]. - The company’s total liabilities decreased by 43.35% to ¥688,590,633.45, primarily due to the repayment of borrowings[179]. Sales and Revenue - The company reported a significant increase in the export value of its main in vitro diagnostic products, reaching $13.093 billion in 2021, a year-on-year growth of 157.37%[80]. - Domestic revenue reached ¥2,634,907,741.27, representing a year-on-year increase of 21.28%[158]. - Overseas revenue was ¥1,706,775,081.94, down 29.63% year-on-year due to changes in overseas pandemic policies[158]. Quality and Compliance - The company has passed international quality system certifications such as ISO13485 and ISO9001, ensuring strict quality management in production and inspection[71]. - The company has established strict confidentiality measures to protect its core technologies from leakage and theft[140].