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Investopedia· 2025-07-22 20:30
Stock Performance - D.R Horton and PulteGroup shares experienced a rise following the release of their latest quarterly results [1] - The quarterly results of both homebuilders exceeded expectations [1]
PulteGroup(PHM) - 2025 Q2 - Quarterly Report
2025-07-22 20:13
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION [Financial Statements](index=4&type=section&id=Item%201%20Financial%20Statements) The financial statements present PulteGroup's financial position as of June 30, 2025, and its performance for the three and six months then ended, highlighting a decrease in total revenues and net income compared to the prior year, while total assets and shareholders' equity increased [Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets](index=4&type=section&id=Condensed%20Consolidated%20Balance%20Sheets) As of June 30, 2025, total assets **increased** to **$17.59 billion** from **$17.36 billion** at year-end 2024, **driven** by a rise in house and land inventory, while total liabilities **decreased** slightly to **$5.01 billion**, and shareholders' equity **grew** to **$12.57 billion** from **$12.12 billion** Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Highlights ($000's) | Account | June 30, 2025 (Unaudited) | December 31, 2024 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Assets** | | | | Cash and equivalents | $1,234,158 | $1,613,327 | | House and land inventory | $13,216,008 | $12,692,820 | | **Total Assets** | **$17,587,811** | **$17,363,763** | | **Liabilities & Equity** | | | | Total Liabilities | $5,012,869 | $5,241,799 | | Total Shareholders' equity | $12,574,942 | $12,121,964 | | **Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity** | **$17,587,811** | **$17,363,763** | [Consolidated Statements of Operations](index=5&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Statements%20of%20Operations) For the second quarter of 2025, total revenues **decreased** to **$4.40 billion** from **$4.60 billion** in Q2 2024, with net income **falling** to **$608.5 million**, or **$3.03** per diluted share, compared to **$809.1 million**, or **$3.83** per diluted share, in the prior-year period, and similar declines for the six-month period Consolidated Statements of Operations Highlights ($000's, except per share data) | Metric | Q2 2025 | Q2 2024 | Six Months 2025 | Six Months 2024 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Total revenues | $4,403,755 | $4,599,655 | $8,296,406 | $8,548,815 | | Income before income taxes | $807,156 | $1,048,312 | $1,488,294 | $1,916,955 | | Net income | $608,483 | $809,133 | $1,131,282 | $1,472,109 | | Diluted earnings per share | $3.03 | $3.83 | $5.60 | $6.93 | [Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity](index=6&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Statements%20of%20Shareholders%27%20Equity) Shareholders' equity **increased** from **$12.12 billion** at the end of 2024 to **$12.57 billion** at June 30, 2025, **driven** by **$1.13 billion** in net income, partially offset by **$600.0 million** in share repurchases and **$88.7 million** in dividends declared during the first six months of 2025 - For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the company repurchased **5.8 million** shares for **$600.0 million** and declared dividends of **$88.7 million**[11](index=11&type=chunk)[66](index=66&type=chunk) [Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows](index=8&type=section&id=Consolidated%20Statements%20of%20Cash%20Flows) For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was **$421.7 million**, a **decrease** from **$657.3 million** in the same period of 2024, primarily due to lower net income and a larger **increase** in inventories, while net cash used in financing activities was **$768.9 million**, mainly for share repurchases and dividends Consolidated Cash Flow Summary ($000's) | Cash Flow Activity | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Net cash provided by operating activities | $421,733 | $657,264 | | Net cash used in investing activities | ($39,182) | ($66,201) | | Net cash used in financing activities | ($768,905) | ($994,274) | | **Net (decrease) in cash** | **($386,354)** | **($403,211)** | [Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements](index=9&type=section&id=Notes%20to%20Condensed%20Consolidated%20Financial%20Statements) The notes provide details on accounting policies and financial statement line items, including revenue recognition, house and land inventory composition, segment performance, debt structure, fair value measurements, and commitments and contingencies such as warranty liabilities and self-insured risks - House and land inventory **increased** to **$13.2 billion** at June 30, 2025, from **$12.7 billion** at year-end 2024, with homes under construction and land under development being the largest components[39](index=39&type=chunk) - The company utilizes land option agreements to control future land supply, with a remaining purchase price of **$10.1 billion** under these options as of June 30, 2025[43](index=43&type=chunk)[116](index=116&type=chunk) - Total debt, including senior notes and other notes payable, was approximately **$1.62 billion** as of June 30, 2025, and the company also maintains a **$1.3 billion** revolving credit facility, which was undrawn[58](index=58&type=chunk)[60](index=60&type=chunk) - Reserves for self-insured risks, primarily related to general liability and construction defects, totaled **$273.4 million** at June 30, 2025[84](index=84&type=chunk) [Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations](index=25&type=section&id=Item%202%20Management%27s%20Discussion%20and%20Analysis%20of%20Financial%20Condition%20and%20Results%20of%20Operations) Management discusses continued consumer demand weakness in Q2 2025 due to affordability challenges, leading to a **7% decrease** in net new orders and a decline in home sale gross margins to **27.0%** from **29.9%** year-over-year, while the company adjusts sales prices and manages production cadence, maintaining a strong liquidity position and returning capital to shareholders - Consumer demand weakness **continued** in Q2 2025 due to affordability challenges, leading to a **7% decrease** in net new orders for both the three and six-month periods[97](index=97&type=chunk) - Gross margin from home sales for Q2 2025 **decreased** to **27.0%** from **29.9%** in the prior year, primarily due to higher land costs and sales incentives[98](index=98&type=chunk) - The company is focused on a measured capital allocation strategy, including **increasing** lot optionality, managing spec inventory levels, and returning capital to shareholders, with **$600.0 million** spent on share repurchases in the first half of 2025[100](index=100&type=chunk) [Homebuilding Operations](index=26&type=section&id=Homebuilding%20Operations) Homebuilding operations saw a **decline** in performance for the first half of 2025, with home sale revenues **decreased** by **3%** to **$8.0 billion** due to a **6%** drop in closings, partially offset by a **4%** rise in average selling price, while gross margin from home sales **contracted** by **260 basis points** to **27.2%**, and net new orders **fell** **7%** in units and **8%** in dollars, leading to a **16% decrease** in backlog value to **$6.8 billion** at quarter-end Homebuilding Operations Summary (Six Months Ended June 30) | Metric | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Home sale revenues | $8,017.2M | $8,267.8M | (3)% | | Gross margin from home sales | 27.2% | 29.8% | (260) bps | | SG&A as % of home sale revenues | 9.8% | 8.7% | 110 bps | | Closings (units) | 14,222 | 15,192 | (6)% | | Average selling price | $564k | $544k | 4% | | Net new orders (units) | 14,848 | 16,028 | (7)% | | Backlog (dollars) | $6,843.2M | $8,109.1M | (16)% | - The number of homes in production **decreased** by **5%** year-over-year to **17,778 units**, reflecting lower backlog and improved production cycle times[113](index=113&type=chunk)[114](index=114&type=chunk) - The company **increased** its use of land options, with **60%** of its **249,645 total lots** controlled via option agreements as of June 30, 2025, up from **56%** at year-end 2024[115](index=115&type=chunk) [Homebuilding Segment Operations](index=29&type=section&id=Homebuilding%20Segment%20Operations) For the first six months of 2025, performance varied significantly across segments, with the Northeast and Midwest segments reporting revenue **growth** of **31%** and **8%**, respectively, while Texas, Florida, and Southeast segments experienced revenue **declines** of **21%**, **17%**, and **7%**, respectively, and the West segment saw a **17% increase** in revenue, with the most pronounced **declines** in income before taxes in Texas (**-47%**) and Florida (**-36%**) Segment Revenue & Income Before Tax (Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 vs 2024) | Segment | Revenue % Change | Income Before Tax % Change | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Northeast | 31% | 54% | | Southeast | (7)% | (19)% | | Florida | (17)% | (36)% | | Midwest | 8% | 15% | | Texas | (21)% | (47)% | | West | 17% | 3% | - Net new orders for the first six months showed weakness primarily in the West (**-22%**) and Texas (**-15%**) segments, while other regions were relatively flat[120](index=120&type=chunk) [Financial Services Operations](index=33&type=section&id=Financial%20Services%20Operations) Financial Services revenues for the first six months of 2025 **decreased** by **6%** to **$192.0 million**, reflecting lower homebuilding volume, while income before income taxes saw a more significant **decline** of **25%** to **$78.7 million**, impacted by lower revenues and a **14% increase** in expenses, though the mortgage capture rate **remained strong and stable** at **85.5%** Financial Services Performance (Six Months Ended June 30) | Metric | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Total Revenues | $191,986k | $204,019k | (6)% | | Income before income taxes | $78,655k | $104,357k | (25)% | | Mortgage Capture Rate | 85.5% | 85.4% | 0.1 p.p. | - Insurance agency commissions saw a significant **decline**, **falling** **52%** in the first six months of 2025 due to lower policy retention and commission rates as carriers adjust to the evolving home insurance market[137](index=137&type=chunk)[138](index=138&type=chunk) [Liquidity and Capital Resources](index=35&type=section&id=Liquidity%20and%20Capital%20Resources) The company maintained a strong liquidity position with **$1.2 billion** in cash and equivalents and **$908.8 million** available under its revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2025, with the ratio of debt-to-total capitalization (excluding Financial Services debt) **improved** slightly to **11.4%**, and current resources are believed sufficient to fund business needs for the next 12 months and beyond - As of June 30, 2025, the company had **$1.2 billion** in unrestricted cash and **$908.8 million** available under its Revolving Credit Facility[142](index=142&type=chunk) - The debt-to-total capitalization ratio, excluding Financial Services debt, was **11.4%** at June 30, 2025[142](index=142&type=chunk) - In the first six months of 2025, the company repurchased **$600.0 million** of common shares and paid **$90.1 million** in dividends[150](index=150&type=chunk)[159](index=159&type=chunk) [Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk](index=39&type=section&id=Item%203%20Quantitative%20and%20Qualitative%20Disclosures%20About%20Market%20Risk) The company is primarily exposed to market risk from interest rate fluctuations affecting its debt instruments, with approximately **$1.63 billion** in fixed-rate debt and **$498.4 million** in variable-rate debt as of June 30, 2025, and no material changes to qualitative disclosures about market risk from the 2024 Annual Report Debt Obligations as of June 30, 2025 ($000's) | Debt Type | Total Principal | Average Interest Rate | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Fixed rate debt | $1,628,842 | 6.09% | | Variable rate debt | $498,357 | 6.12% | [Controls and Procedures](index=41&type=section&id=Item%204%20Controls%20and%20Procedures) Management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that the company's disclosure controls and procedures were **effective** as of June 30, 2025, with no material changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter - The President and CEO, along with the Executive VP and CFO, concluded that the company's disclosure controls and procedures were **effective** as of June 30, 2025[178](index=178&type=chunk) PART II OTHER INFORMATION [Legal Proceedings](index=41&type=section&id=Item%201%20Legal%20Proceedings) There have been **No material developments** in legal proceedings since the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 - **No material developments** in legal proceedings were reported for the period[181](index=181&type=chunk) [Risk Factors](index=41&type=page&id=Item%201A%20Risk%20Factors) There have been **No material changes** to the risk factors disclosed in the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 - **No material changes** to risk factors were reported for the period[182](index=182&type=chunk) [Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds](index=42&type=section&id=Item%202%20Unregistered%20Sales%20of%20Equity%20Securities%20and%20Use%20of%20Proceeds) During the second quarter of 2025, the company repurchased a total of **2,983,862 shares** at an average price of **$100.54** per share, with approximately **$1.6 billion** remaining available for future repurchases under the authorized program as of June 30, 2025 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (Q2 2025) | Period | Total Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | April 2025 | 1,003,005 | $97.76 | | May 2025 | 1,013,465 | $102.02 | | June 2025 | 967,392 | $101.88 | | **Total** | **2,983,862** | **$100.54** | - As of June 30, 2025, approximately **$1.6 billion** remained available under the company's share repurchase authorization[185](index=185&type=chunk) [Other Information](index=42&type=section&id=Item%205%20Other%20Information) During the quarter, **No director or officer adopted or terminated** a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement - **No director or officer adopted or terminated** a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the reporting period[184](index=184&type=chunk) [Exhibits](index=43&type=section&id=Item%206%20Exhibits) This section lists the exhibits filed with the Form 10-Q, including corporate governance documents, certifications by the CEO and CFO, and XBRL data files
PulteGroup Stock Gains After Q2 Earnings and Revenue Beat
ZACKS· 2025-07-22 18:51
Core Insights - PulteGroup Inc. reported better-than-expected second-quarter 2024 results, with adjusted earnings and total revenues exceeding the Zacks Consensus Estimate [1][3]. Financial Performance - Adjusted earnings were $3.03 per share, surpassing the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $2.92 by 3.8%, but down from $3.58 in the same quarter last year [3]. - Total revenues reached $4.4 billion, exceeding the consensus mark of $4.37 billion by 0.8%, but decreased 4.3% from $4.6 billion year-over-year [3]. Segment Analysis - Homebuilding segment revenues fell 4.1% year-over-year to $4.3 billion, with home sale revenues also down 4.1% to $4.27 billion [4]. - The number of homes closed decreased by 5.7% to 7,639 units, while the average selling price (ASP) of homes delivered increased by 1.8% to $559,000 [5]. - Net new home orders declined 7.4% year-over-year to 7,083 units, with the value of new orders down 10.8% to $3.89 billion [5][6]. Backlog and Margins - The backlog of homes yet to be closed was 10,779 units, down from 12,982 units a year ago, with potential housing revenues from the backlog decreasing to $6.84 billion from $8.11 billion [6]. - Home sales gross margin decreased by 290 basis points year-over-year to 27%, while SG&A expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues increased by 100 basis points to 9.1% [6]. Financial Services - Revenues from the Financial Services segment dropped 9.4% year-over-year to $101.2 million, with pretax income declining to $43 million from $63 million a year ago [7]. Cash Position - At the end of the second quarter, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaled $1.27 billion, down from $1.65 billion at the end of 2024 [8]. - Net cash provided by operating activities was $421.7 million, down from $657.3 million in the prior-year period [9]. Market Outlook - CEO Ryan Marshall highlighted challenges in the spring selling season due to high mortgage rates and economic uncertainty, but noted improved consumer sentiment during periods of rate declines [2].
PulteGroup: Solid Q2 With Results Near A Floor (Upgrade)
Seeking Alpha· 2025-07-22 16:34
Group 1 - PulteGroup, Inc. (NYSE: PHM) has underperformed over the past year, with a loss of approximately 7% in value due to a softening housing market impacted by high mortgage rates [1] - Investors received positive news recently, providing relief amidst the challenging market conditions [1]
2 Homebuilding Stocks Surging After Earnings
Schaeffers Investment Research· 2025-07-22 16:04
Group 1 - PulteGroup Inc (NYSE:PHM) shares increased by 9.4% to $118.81 after exceeding second-quarter earnings and revenue estimates, aided by buyer incentives [1] - Wedbush raised PulteGroup's price target from $135 to $150 following the earnings report [1] - PulteGroup's stock is up 8.2% year-to-date and has surpassed resistance at the 320-day moving average, reaching its highest levels since late January [1] Group 2 - D.R. Horton Inc (NYSE:DHI) shares rose by 13.8% to $149.47, marking its best day since April 2020, after reporting better-than-expected fiscal third-quarter earnings and revenue [4] - D.R. Horton is now showing a 7.3% year-to-date gain and has broken into positive territory for 2025 [4] - Options trading for D.R. Horton is significantly higher, with 15,000 calls and 11,000 puts traded, which is eight times the typical volume [5]
PulteGroup (PHM) Q2 Earnings: How Key Metrics Compare to Wall Street Estimates
ZACKS· 2025-07-22 14:30
As these metrics influence top- and bottom-line performance, comparing them to the year-ago numbers and what analysts estimated helps investors project a stock's price performance more accurately. Here is how PulteGroup performed in the just reported quarter in terms of the metrics most widely monitored and projected by Wall Street analysts: View all Key Company Metrics for PulteGroup here>>> The reported revenue represents a surprise of +0.8% over the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $4.37 billion. With the con ...
PulteGroup(PHM) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-07-22 13:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a return on equity of 23% for the trailing twelve months ended June 30 [5] - Net new orders in Q2 totaled 7,083 homes, down 7% year-over-year, with a cancellation rate of 11% [13][14] - Home sale revenues were $4.3 billion, down 4% from the prior year, driven by a 6% decrease in deliveries to 7,639 homes [15] - Gross margin for Q2 was 27%, at the top end of guidance, with incentives at 8.7% of gross sales price, up from 6.3% last year [18][19] - Net income for Q2 was $608 million, or $3.30 per share, compared to $809 million, or $3.83 per share in the prior year [22][23] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Closings in Q2 were 38% first-time buyers, 42% move-up buyers, and 20% active adult buyers, with active adult orders up 9% [15][16] - The average sales price for closings was $559,000, reflecting a 2% increase [15] - The company started 7,220 homes in Q2, down 11% from the previous year [16] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Florida operations saw a 2% increase in net new orders year-over-year, benefiting from migration patterns and strong land positions [7][27] - The company experienced challenges in markets such as Dallas, Boston, and California, particularly among move-up buyers [28][29] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on a diversified operating model to sustain performance amid challenging market conditions [6] - There is a strategic emphasis on serving active adult buyers, with new community openings contributing to demand [15] - The company plans to manage land spend and starts to align inventory with current sales rates [11][16] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that consumer confidence is uncertain, impacting buyer activity, but overall demand remains reasonable [9][10] - The company anticipates closing between 29,000 homes for the full year, refining guidance due to lower absorption rates [17] - Management expressed optimism about the potential for market share growth as demand strengthens [71][72] Other Important Information - The company repurchased 3 million shares for $300 million in Q2, returning $600 million to shareholders in the first half of 2025 [23] - The company invested $1.3 billion in land acquisition and development in Q2, maintaining a strong land pipeline with 250,000 lots controlled [24][25] Q&A Session Summary Question: Did the improvement in demand seen in June carry through into July? - Management observed positive consumer response in late June when rates dropped, but July showed mixed demand with some fluctuations [35][36] Question: How did stick and brick costs trend in the quarter? - Stick and brick costs remained stable at $79 per square foot, with some potential relief in development costs anticipated [39][40] Question: Can you elaborate on the rationale for using land developers for options? - The company prefers working with underlying land sellers for better execution of price and risk mitigation, while also utilizing land bankers moderately [44][45] Question: What is the impact of potential Canadian tariffs on lumber costs? - Approximately 20% to 25% of lumber is sourced from Canada, and while tariffs could increase costs, the overall impact is not expected to be catastrophic [52][54] Question: How do move-up margins compare to active adult margins? - Active adult communities generate higher margins compared to move-up communities, contributing positively to overall margin performance [82][84]
PulteGroup(PHM) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-07-22 13:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported net new orders of 7,083 homes in Q2, down 7% year-over-year, reflecting a 13% decrease in overall absorption pace, partially offset by a 6% increase in average community count to 994 [13][14] - Home sale revenues for Q2 were $4.3 billion, down 4% from $4.4 billion in the prior year, driven by a 6% decrease in deliveries to 7,639 homes, although average sales price increased by 2% to $559,000 [15][16] - Gross margin for Q2 was reported at 27%, at the top end of guidance, influenced by a favorable mix of homes closed and higher incentives, which were 8.7% of gross sales price, up from 6.3% last year [19][20] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Closings in Q2 were 38% first-time buyers, 42% move-up buyers, and 20% active adult buyers, compared to 40%, 37%, and 23% respectively in the prior year [16] - The active adult business saw a 9% increase in orders, benefiting from new community openings, while first-time and move-up buyers were down 14% and 9% respectively [14][15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Florida operations showed strength with net new orders increasing by 2% year-over-year, despite challenges in other regions like Texas and the West [6][28] - The company experienced varying demand conditions across markets, with positive demand in the Midwest and Southeast, while facing challenges in Dallas, Boston, and California [29][30] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on a diversified operating model to sustain performance amid challenging market conditions, particularly emphasizing its position in the active adult segment [5][6] - The strategy includes slowing land spend and reducing starts to align inventory with current sales rates, while maintaining a disciplined approach to pricing and incentives [11][19] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that consumer confidence remains uncertain, with buyers expressing concerns about affordability and economic conditions, impacting demand [9][10] - The company anticipates closing between 29,000 homes for the full year, refining its guidance based on backlog and absorption pace [18][19] Other Important Information - The company invested $1.3 billion in land acquisition and development in Q2, maintaining a strong land pipeline with approximately 250,000 lots under control [24][25] - The company continues to expect cash flow generation for 2025 to be approximately $1.4 billion, with a strong balance sheet reflected in a cash position of $1.3 billion and a debt-to-capital ratio of 11.4% [26][27] Q&A Session Summary Question: Did the improvement in demand seen in June carry into July? - Management observed positive consumer response in late June when rates dropped, but July showed mixed demand with both strong and weak days [36] Question: How did stick and brick costs trend in the quarter? - Stick and brick costs remained stable at $79 per square foot, consistent with the previous year [38] Question: Can you elaborate on the land options strategy? - The company prefers working with underlying land sellers for better price execution and risk mitigation, while also utilizing land bankers to increase optionality [42][44] Question: How does the company view the impact of potential Canadian tariffs on lumber? - Currently, 20% to 25% of lumber is sourced from Canada, and while tariffs could increase costs, the overall impact is not expected to be catastrophic [51][52] Question: What is the outlook for gross margins in the back half of the year? - Management reiterated guidance for gross margins in Q3 and Q4, citing a balance of higher incentives and lower tariff impacts [60][62] Question: How does the company plan to grow market share as demand strengthens? - The company is focused on leveraging its strong land pipeline and high-quality homes to capture market share, with a goal of long-term growth of 5% to 10% [71][72]
PulteGroup (PHM) Tops Q2 Earnings and Revenue Estimates
ZACKS· 2025-07-22 12:41
Over the last four quarters, the company has surpassed consensus EPS estimates four times. PulteGroup (PHM) came out with quarterly earnings of $3.03 per share, beating the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $2.92 per share. This compares to earnings of $3.58 per share a year ago. These figures are adjusted for non- recurring items. This quarterly report represents an earnings surprise of +3.77%. A quarter ago, it was expected that this homebuilder would post earnings of $2.47 per share when it actually produced e ...
PulteGroup(PHM) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-07-22 12:00
Q2 2025 Operating & Financial Results July 22, 2025 Forward-looking statements This presentation includes "forward-looking statements." These statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance, prospects or opportunities, as well as those of the markets we serve or intend to serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these statements. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate to ma ...