Investment Rating - The report indicates a strong positive impact of personal initiative training on entrepreneurial success, suggesting a favorable investment outlook for programs that incorporate such training methodologies [10][48]. Core Insights - Personal initiative training in Togo resulted in an average increase of $91 in monthly profits after seven years, which is a 52% increase over the control mean [10][33]. - The training had a lasting impact on men, with their profits increasing by $148 after seven years, while the impact for women diminished to $39, indicating a significant gender disparity in long-term outcomes [11][35]. - The study highlights that traditional business training did not yield statistically significant long-term impacts, contrasting sharply with the sustained benefits of personal initiative training [10][48]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the importance of evaluating the long-term impacts of business training programs, particularly in developing countries, where short-term evaluations are common [7][8]. Experimental Design and Personal Initiative Training - The study involved 1,500 small business entrepreneurs in Togo, with a focus on those operating outside agriculture and not formally registered [12][13]. - The personal initiative training program aimed to foster a proactive entrepreneurial mindset, contrasting with traditional business training that focused on standard business practices [17][18]. Long-Term Follow-up Impacts - The survival rate of businesses was high, with 88% in the control group and 91% in the personal initiative training group still operational after seven years [30][31]. - The report shows that the personal initiative training group experienced significant increases in profits and sales, with a cumulative gain of over $6,900 over 7.5 years, representing a return of over 900% on the training cost [33][48]. Gender Heterogeneity in Treatment Impacts - Initial impacts of personal initiative training were similar for both men and women, but long-term effects diverged significantly, with men experiencing sustained growth while women's profits converged back towards the control group [34][41]. - The report suggests that women may face industry-specific constraints and redirect their entrepreneurial efforts towards household needs, limiting their long-term business growth [42][47]. Discussion and Conclusions - The findings indicate that personal initiative training is particularly effective for men, suggesting a need for complementary interventions for women to enhance their long-term business outcomes [49].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report highlights a shift in tax policy reforms across OECD countries, indicating a trend towards increasing tax rates and broadening tax bases in response to economic challenges and the need for additional revenues [13][15][16] - Policymakers are balancing the need for increased domestic resources with the necessity of providing tax relief to alleviate the cost-of-living crisis affecting households and businesses [14][19] - The trend of decreasing corporate income tax (CIT) rates has halted, with more jurisdictions implementing rate increases for the first time since 2015, reflecting a need for additional revenues and equity within the tax system [16][63] - Significant progress has been made towards implementing the Global Minimum Tax (GMT), with 60 jurisdictions taking steps towards its introduction [16] Summary by Sections Macroeconomic Background - Global GDP growth was estimated at 3.1% in 2023, with many economies affected by high inflation and geopolitical tensions [23] - The unemployment rate in OECD countries was 4.9% at the end of 2023, indicating a stable labor market despite economic challenges [30] - Public debt rose to 113% of GDP for the OECD as a whole in 2023, with government deficits increasing again due to the energy crisis [36] Tax Revenue Context - The average tax-to-GDP ratio across OECD countries decreased by 0.15 percentage points to 34.0% in 2022, with significant variations in tax revenue sources [43][45] - High-income countries saw a rise in corporate income tax revenues driven by heightened profits, particularly in the energy sector [43] Tax Policy Reforms - The report documents tax reforms introduced or announced in 2023 across 90 jurisdictions, showing a trend towards increasing rates and broadening bases [13][59] - Personal income tax (PIT) reforms focused on supporting low- and middle-income households, while social security contributions (SSCs) have seen increases in many jurisdictions [17][66] - VAT relief measures on energy products are slowing, with some jurisdictions increasing their standard VAT rates [19][67]

Investment Rating - The report suggests a positive outlook for natural gas as a necessary component in the transition to a renewable energy grid, indicating a supportive investment environment for gas infrastructure and technology development [2][11][44]. Core Insights - The transition to wind and solar energy is accelerating, but these variable renewable energy (VRE) sources introduce significant reliability challenges that cannot be fully addressed by current storage technologies [2][5][6]. - Natural gas is positioned as a critical bridge fuel that can provide the necessary reliability during the transition to a predominantly renewable energy grid, especially in the face of seasonal and unpredictable energy supply variations [2][11][44]. - The report outlines a phased approach to the energy transition, emphasizing the need for regulatory support and technological innovation to manage the variability associated with increasing VRE penetration [2][10][34]. Summary by Sections Key Takeaways - Wind and solar are rapidly displacing coal but introduce variability that could compromise grid reliability [2]. - Seasonal storage technologies like hydrogen and pumped hydro are not viable alternatives in the near term, making natural gas essential for reliability [2][11]. - The Department of Energy (DOE) should focus on developing seasonal storage technologies and advanced modeling to address future grid challenges [3][11]. Introduction - The share of U.S. electricity from VRE is growing quickly, with projections indicating that VRE could exceed 40% of electricity generation by 2030 [5][15]. - Variability in electricity supply is becoming a significant challenge, necessitating solutions beyond short-duration storage [5][6]. The Challenge of Variable Renewable Energy - The transition to a VRE-dominated grid will require addressing predictable and unpredictable energy deficits, with significant implications for grid management [6][20][34]. - The report identifies three phases of grid evolution, each with distinct challenges and requirements for energy supply management [7][26]. Mitigating the Variability Problem - Energy storage is a potential long-term solution, but current technologies are insufficient for long-duration needs [35][55]. - Demand management and better grid integration are also highlighted as important strategies to address variability [35][36]. Gas and Phase II of the Energy Transition - Natural gas currently provides about 25% of U.S. electricity and is expected to play a crucial role in managing VRE variability as the grid transitions [44][46]. - Combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) are identified as a reliable source of energy that can adapt to changing grid demands [44][46]. Beyond Phase II: Long-Duration Storage Technologies - The report discusses the need for long-duration energy storage (VLDES) technologies that can effectively address seasonal and annual variability [55][56]. - Current storage technologies are not yet capable of meeting the long-duration needs required for a fully decarbonized grid [55][57].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the automotive mobility industry. Core Insights - The automotive industry is experiencing a shift away from the idealized CASE (Connected, Autonomous, Shared, Electric) future, with a more realistic outlook focusing on connected, assisted, and private mobility rather than fully autonomous and shared models [4][5][8]. - The report highlights significant divergence in automotive trends between mature markets (US, Europe, North Asia) and dynamic, price-sensitive markets in the rest of Asia and the Middle East [4][5]. Mobility Profile & Car Ownership - Global car ownership is increasing, contrary to earlier predictions of decline, driven by economic growth in developing markets and the necessity of car ownership in areas with limited public transport [12][18]. - Younger demographics expect car ownership to remain important, while older individuals in mature markets anticipate a shift towards reduced car ownership as they age [19][20]. New Mobility Services - There is no significant trend away from personal car ownership; many respondents still view it as essential, particularly in regions lacking robust public transport [25][26]. - Flexibility and cost are the primary drivers for adopting new mobility services, with a notable percentage of respondents indicating they would not give up their cars under any circumstances [35][36]. Autonomous Driving - Trust in autonomous driving technology has not significantly increased over the past five years, with safety concerns remaining a major barrier to acceptance [38][42]. - The level of acceptance varies by income and location, with urban high-income respondents showing more positive attitudes towards autonomous vehicles compared to those in Europe and the US [41][42]. Alternative Drivetrains & Charging Infrastructure - The number of new registrations for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) reached 14 million in 2023, indicating robust growth in electric vehicle markets [49][50]. - Despite the growth, challenges such as higher upfront costs and concerns about battery life and charging infrastructure continue to hinder broader adoption of electric vehicles [61][63].

Industry Overview - Minimum wages are a critical component of social protection systems, aiming to protect vulnerable workers and reduce poverty and wage inequality, but poor design can lead to risks such as reduced job opportunities for low-skilled and young workers [2] - Romania has experienced significant real growth in minimum wages over the past decade, with the minimum-to-median wage ratio increasing from 38% in 2007 to 60% in 2017, placing it among the top EU countries in this metric [15] - The minimum wage in Romania is higher than the living wage needed to cover a basic food basket but insufficient to include non-food components, which could lead to long-term job losses, especially for younger workers [2] Labor Market Dynamics - The minimum wage increase in Romania has varying impacts across regions and sectors, with the accommodation and food services sector and the Suceava region being the most affected due to the high proportion of minimum wage earners [2] - Male employees are more affected by minimum wage increases than female employees, and younger workers face higher risks of job loss [2] - The share of minimum wage earners in Romania is consistently high, ranging from 24% to 28% between 2020 and 2021, with 2% of employees earning below the minimum wage threshold [84] Sectoral Impact - The construction sector has the highest proportion of minimum wage earners at 54.6%, followed by accommodation and food services at over 50%, while sectors like electricity, gas, and steam have less than 2% of employees earning minimum wages [91][92] - Microenterprises have the highest proportion of minimum wage earners at 67%, while large enterprises have only 6% of employees earning minimum wages, reflecting the trend that average wages increase with firm size [93][94] Policy Implications - Linking the minimum wage to inflation could result in moderate employment losses, particularly in the long term, with younger workers experiencing the most significant adverse effects [109] - Aligning the minimum wage with a living wage estimate could lead to substantial short-term wage increases but may also cause notable job losses, especially among low-wage and younger workers [118] - The minimum wage increase has a more substantial positive impact on income inequality when aligned with a living wage estimate, with the Gini index decreasing from 0.356 to 0.344 and the bottom 50% income share increasing by 0.7 percentage points [123] Demographic and Regional Variations - The youngest and oldest age groups are most affected by minimum wage increases, with 43% of workers born in 2001 earning minimum wages compared to 27% of those born in 1994 [95] - Regional disparities are significant, with Suceava county having the highest proportion of minimum wage earners at 38%, nearly double that of Sibiu county at 21% [96]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Timor-Leste's economy grew by 2.3 percent in 2023, following growth rates of 2.9 percent in 2021 and 4.0 percent in 2022, reflecting fiscal drag and low budget execution rates due to political transitions [24][40] - The reliance on public sector-driven economic activity has led to stagnant labor market dynamics, with a notable decline in labor productivity and wage levels, particularly among those with higher education [48][50] - The strengthening US dollar has eased price pressures, but food inflation remains high, particularly for rice, driven by reduced international supply [26][27] - The balance of the Petroleum Fund was stable at USD 18.45 billion as of March 2024, reflecting a modest increase from the previous year [27] Recent Developments - Global growth remains sluggish, with advanced economies experiencing a slowdown to 1.5 percent in 2023, while Timor-Leste's economic recovery lags behind regional averages [38][39] - Domestic economic expansion slowed due to political transitions, with private consumption increasing by 3.2 percent, supported by remittance inflows [42][43] - Budget execution rates remain low, with only 25 percent of the total Central Government budget expended by May 2024, aligning with historical averages [25][61] Outlook and Risks - Timor-Leste is forecasted to maintain a recovery trajectory, with growth rates nearing 3 percent in 2024 and averaging 3.7 percent from 2024 to 2026, driven by government expenditure and efficient capital investments [28][29] - The fiscal deficit is projected to remain around 44.8 percent of GDP in the medium term, with non-oil domestic revenues expected to be around 10 percent of GDP [29] - The economic outlook faces downside risks, including geopolitical tensions, rising energy prices, and potential disruptions from extreme weather events [30] Special Focus: Leveraging WTO Accession - Timor-Leste's accession to the WTO presents an opportunity to broaden its economic base and enhance trade relations, particularly in niche agricultural exports [33] - Policymakers are tasked with prioritizing reforms to facilitate economic diversification and improve the business climate to attract foreign direct investment [34][35] - The path to leveraging WTO membership hinges on compliance, modernization, and inclusiveness, requiring strategic policy reforms and institutional modernization [35]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The study investigates the effectiveness of a WhatsApp chatbot game designed to enhance resistance to health misinformation in Jordan, highlighting the urgent need to address misinformation in low- and middle-income countries [4][12][15] - The experimental design involved 2,851 participants divided into five groups, testing various inoculation methods against misinformation [4][16][30] - Results indicate that the comprehensive game-based inoculation significantly improved participants' ability to discern misinformation and reduced the likelihood of sharing misleading headlines compared to the placebo group [4][59] - The brief version of the game also showed some effectiveness, though weaker than the comprehensive version, while passive infographics did not yield significant improvements [4][58][62] Summary by Sections Introduction - Misinformation poses a significant global risk, particularly in health contexts, with direct costs estimated at approximately US$ 78 billion [12] - The study aims to fill the gap in research on misinformation solutions in the Middle East, specifically Jordan, where a high percentage of the population holds misconceptions about COVID-19 [15][16] Methodology - A randomized experiment was conducted using WhatsApp, with participants recruited through Facebook ads [30][31] - Participants were assigned to one of five study arms: comprehensive active inoculation, brief active inoculation, passive inoculation, placebo, and control [35][36] Results - The comprehensive active inoculation group showed a 0.29 standard deviation increase in misinformation discernment compared to the placebo group, while the brief active inoculation group showed a 0.14 standard deviation increase [59][62] - Passive inoculation did not significantly improve discernment compared to the placebo group [62] - The study found that active inoculations were more effective than passive ones in enhancing misinformation discernment [58][62] Conclusion - The findings suggest that game-based interventions can effectively enhance public resistance to misinformation in middle-income countries, indicating a potential avenue for future research and public health strategies [4][12][59]

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized BOOSTING SME FINANCE FOR GROWTH The Case for more Effective Support Policies IE WORLD BANK Ana Fiorella Carvajal Tatiana Didier | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------------------------|-------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BOOSTING | | | | | | | | SME FINANCE | | | | | | | | FOR GROWTH | | | | | | | | The C ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The paper proposes a method to measure refugee self-reliance based on whether self-earned income exceeds the locally relevant poverty line, emphasizing the importance of measurement for assessing the success of self-reliance promotion [4][11][57] - Refugees in middle-income countries are significantly more likely to be self-reliant compared to those in lower-income countries, with urban refugees showing higher self-reliance than those in rural or camp settings [4][58] - There is an inverse correlation between aid and self-reliance, suggesting that higher aid levels are associated with lower self-reliance among refugees [4][59] Summary by Sections Introduction - Over 36 million refugees are displaced globally, with many facing restrictions on labor market participation, leading to dependency on humanitarian aid [8] - The traditional model of refugee assistance is increasingly viewed as outdated, with a shift towards promoting self-reliance [9][10] Measurement of Self-Reliance - The paper defines self-reliance as the ability to meet essential needs independently of aid, using income as a key indicator [11][12] - Existing measures of self-reliance have limitations, often failing to capture true independence from aid [16][18] Empirical Analysis - The analysis utilizes 11 microdata surveys from low- and middle-income countries to estimate refugee self-reliance and poverty [29][30] - Key findings indicate high poverty incidence among refugees, particularly in low-income countries, with significant variations in self-reliance based on location and economic opportunities [36][44] Conclusions - The report concludes that enhancing refugee self-reliance is more effective in reducing poverty than increasing aid, advocating for a reallocation of resources to support self-reliance initiatives [55][60]

Investment Rating - The report indicates a cautious outlook on the Chinese economy, with lowered GDP forecasts for 2024 and 2025, reflecting concerns over soft activity data [7][19]. Core Insights - The report highlights a significant decline in China's industrial production, retail sales, and fixed asset investments, leading to a negative GDP deflator throughout the forecast period [2][19]. - The Federal Reserve is expected to consider a 50 basis point rate cut in the upcoming FOMC meeting, with market participants anticipating a shift in monetary policy [3][7]. - The Bank of Canada is also under scrutiny, with Governor Macklem expressing concerns about economic slack, which may lead to more aggressive rate cuts [10][19]. Summary by Sections Global Macro Commentary - Soft economic data from China has raised growth fears, prompting economists to lower GDP forecasts [7]. - The USTs rallied amid expectations of a potential 50 basis point Fed cut, while uncertainty remains regarding the exact size of the cut [3][7]. Developed Markets - The Empire State Manufacturing Survey showed a significant improvement, rising to 11.5 in September, indicating a rebound in new orders and shipments [19]. - The Canadian economy is facing pressure, with the BoC Governor indicating a desire to avoid further economic slack, which may lead to rate adjustments [10][19]. Emerging Markets - China's August activity data was disappointing, with industrial production growth moderating to 4.5% year-on-year, and retail sales slowing to 2.1% [19]. - In India, the RBI Governor expressed confidence in sustaining a growth rate of 7.5% over the next few years, despite external influences from major central banks [19].