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The Cooper Companies(COO) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-27 22:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Q3 consolidated revenues increased by 5.7% year over year, reaching $1,060 million, with organic growth of 2% [7][26] - Non-GAAP earnings per share (EPS) grew by 15% to $1.1, with free cash flow reported at $165 million [7][28] - Gross margin improved by 70 basis points to 67.3%, driven by efficiency gains and favorable foreign exchange [26] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - CooperVision reported revenues of $718 million, reflecting a 6.3% increase and 2.4% organic growth, although results were below expectations due to declines in Clarity and e-commerce weakness in Asia Pacific [8][10] - CooperSurgical posted revenues of $342 million, up 4.5% or 2% organically, with fertility revenues growing 6% [20][21] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - EMEA region grew by 14% or 6% organically, becoming CooperVision's largest revenue region globally [10] - The Americas grew by 2% or 3% organically, while Asia Pacific saw a 1% increase but a 5% organic decline [10] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to leverage the strong momentum of MyDay and upcoming product launches to outpace the contact lens market and gain market share [24] - Focus on operational excellence and disciplined cost management to support sustainable revenue growth [7][30] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged headwinds from Clarity and e-commerce challenges in Asia Pacific but expressed confidence in the long-term outlook for both CooperVision and CooperSurgical [20][24] - The company expects to generate approximately $2 billion in free cash flow over the next three fiscal years, with a focus on debt reduction and share repurchases [30][31] Other Important Information - The company is implementing mitigation strategies for tariffs, expecting a $24 million lower impact than previously anticipated [30] - Significant progress has been made in IT upgrades and organizational efficiency initiatives [30][71] Q&A Session Summary Question: How does the core CVI portfolio compare to the market for fiscal 2026? - Management indicated that the core portfolio is expected to be at least in line with the market, with additional growth from MiSight [37][38] Question: Why is MyDay's success impacting Clarity? - Management noted that in some markets, Clarity and MyDay were viewed similarly, leading to a shift in customer preference towards MyDay [41][42] Question: What is the outlook for the contact lens market? - Management acknowledged a slowdown in market growth but remains optimistic about future performance driven by silicone hydrogel lenses and multifocal products [19][50] Question: What are the expectations for the fertility market? - Management expects a rebound in the fertility market as clinics begin investing again, despite near-term pressures [20][110] Question: What is the situation with PARAGARD? - Management reported declining volumes for PARAGARD but offsetting revenue through pricing strategies [114][116]
Post(POST) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-08 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Consolidated net sales for Q3 were $2 billion, with adjusted EBITDA at $397 million, reflecting a 2% increase in sales driven by avian influenza pricing and volume growth in cold chain businesses, partially offset by lower pet food and cereal volumes [17][19] - Adjusted EBITDA guidance for the fiscal year was increased to a range of $1.5 billion to $1.52 billion, suggesting Q4 will be approximately flat to Q3 [22] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Post Consumer Brands (PCB) net sales decreased by 9%, with cereal volumes down 6% and pet volumes down 13% [17][18] - Foodservice net sales increased by 19%, with volumes up 7%, driven by avian influenza pricing and improved customer foot traffic [19] - Refrigerated Retail net sales increased by 9%, with volumes up 1%, benefiting from the timing of Easter [20] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Cereal category volumes were down 4.1% year over year, with the branded portfolio declining by 4.9% [12] - Pet volume consumption decreased by 3.7% year over year, while the category remained flat [12] - Weetabix saw a 2.4% increase in consumption volumes, contrasting with a 1.8% decline in the category [14] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on cost optimization and targeted investments to drive volume growth despite a challenging macro environment [15] - The acquisition of Eighth Avenue is expected to create synergies within nut butter and granola, with integration planned for FY 2026 [7] - The company remains open to M&A opportunities while balancing share buybacks, having repurchased 8% of the company fiscal year to date [8][43] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the overall state of the portfolio, despite challenges from tariffs and regulatory changes [9] - The foodservice business is expected to normalize by the end of Q4, with a projected adjusted EBITDA run rate of approximately $115 million [14] - Management acknowledged the need for a longer recovery timeline for the Nutrish brand due to larger-than-anticipated volume challenges [12] Other Important Information - The company is experiencing a transition in its pet portfolio, with plans to address consumption trends and optimize costs [11] - A severance charge of $5 million was taken to align the workforce with a smaller cereal footprint [19] Q&A Session Summary Question: Insights on fiscal 2026 guidance - Management indicated that they are still in the planning process for fiscal 2026 and acknowledged various factors that could impact performance, including foodservice normalization and contributions from Eighth Avenue [25][28] Question: Cereal category performance - Management noted that private label underperformance in the cereal category is somewhat of a mystery, possibly due to pricing dynamics [29][30] Question: Foodservice pricing recovery - Management clarified that pricing increases in foodservice were driven by recovering costs from Q2 and elevated egg markets [34][35] Question: M&A appetite and market challenges - Management expressed a cautious but open-minded approach to M&A opportunities, noting current market uncertainties and low multiples [41][44] Question: Eighth Avenue acquisition impact - Management confirmed no material changes to the expected contribution from Eighth Avenue for the fiscal year and indicated a path to improvement for next year [68] Question: Portfolio adjustments in Pet - Management highlighted opportunities for portfolio changes but emphasized the need to stabilize the Nutrish brand before making significant adjustments [78] Question: Input costs and product reformulations - Management plans to take a pragmatic approach to product reformulations and innovation in response to regulatory changes [61][63]
ESCO Technologies(ESE) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-08-07 21:00
Financial Performance - Q3 FY25 - Sales increased by $62.7 million, a 26.9% increase, reaching $296.3 million compared to $233.6 million in Q3'24[13] - Adjusted EBIT increased by $17.5 million, a 38.6% increase, reaching $62.7 million compared to $45.2 million in Q3'24[13] - Adjusted EPS increased by 25%, reaching $1.60 compared to $1.28 in Q3'24[12] - Record ending backlog of $1.17 billion, a 75% increase from September 30, 2024[14] Segment Performance - A&D - Entered Orders increased by $492.3 million, a 546.5% increase, reaching $582.4 million compared to $90.1 million in Q3'24[19] - Sales increased by $49.1 million, a 56.3% increase, reaching $136.3 million compared to $87.2 million in Q3'24[19] - Adjusted EBIT increased by $19.1 million, a 94.3% increase, reaching $39.3 million compared to $20.2 million in Q3'24[19] Segment Performance - USG - Entered Orders increased by $5.5 million, a 5.5% increase, reaching $105.5 million compared to $100.0 million in Q3'24[25] - Sales increased by $2.1 million, a 2.3% increase, reaching $92.4 million compared to $90.3 million in Q3'24[25] - Adjusted EBIT decreased by $0.4 million, a -2.0% decrease, reaching $21.8 million compared to $22.2 million in Q3'24[25] Segment Performance - Test - Sales increased by $11.6 million, a 20.7% increase, reaching $67.7 million compared to $56.1 million in Q3'24[30] - Adjusted EBIT increased by $1.4 million, a 15.4% increase, reaching $10.7 million compared to $9.3 million in Q3'24[30] - Entered Orders decreased by $3.6 million, a -5.7% decrease, reaching $61.2 million compared to $64.8 million in Q3'24[30] Financial Performance - YTD Q3 FY25 - Sales increased by $97.1 million, a 15.0% increase, reaching $742.7 million compared to $645.6 million in Q3 YTD '24[38] - Adjusted EBIT increased by $30.7 million, a 28.6% increase, reaching $138.0 million compared to $107.3 million in Q3 YTD '24[38] - Adjusted EPS increased by 24.1%, reaching $3.71 compared to $2.99 in Q3 YTD '24[38] FY25 Guidance - Full year revenue from Continuing Operations is expected to be $1.075 billion - $1.105 billion[52] - Full Year Adjusted EPS from Continuing Operations is now expected to be in the range of $5.75 - $5.90, a 21% - 24% growth over FY'24[52] - Q4 Adjusted EPS from Continuing Operations is expected to be in the range of $2.04 - $2.19, a 14% - 22% growth over Q4'24[51]
NGL Energy Partners LP(NGL) - 2026 Q1 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-08-07 21:00
Financial Performance & Unit Repurchase - NGL Total EBITDA by segment is $155.33 million[2] - Water Solutions segment accounts for 92% of NGL's total EBITDA, equivalent to $142.87 million[2] - Crude Oil Logistics segment accounts for 6% of NGL's total EBITDA, equivalent to $9.583 million[2,32] - Liquids Logistics segment accounts for 2% of NGL's total EBITDA, equivalent to $2.87 million[2,32] - NGL repurchased 70,000 Class D preferred units during Q1 2025, representing approximately 12% of the outstanding units[3] Water Solutions Business - NGL Water Solutions has transformed into the largest integrated water disposal system in the Delaware Basin[4] - NGL owns and operates over 800 miles of large diameter produced water pipelines in the Northern Delaware Basin[7,29] - NGL's Delaware Basin water disposal facilities have a permitted capacity of approximately 5,100,000 barrels per day[7] - In FY2025, NGL sold 42.4 million barrels of recycled water[29] - Approximately 90% of produced and flowback water was received via pipeline during FY2025[29] Market Data - Market Capitalization is $1.39 billion[36] - Enterprise Value is $4.31 billion[36]
Stellus Capital Investment (SCM) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-07 16:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - For Q2 2025, the company generated GAAP net investment income of $0.34 per share and core net investment income of $0.35 per share, which excludes estimated excise taxes [6] - Net asset value per share decreased by $0.04 during the quarter due to a reduction in spillover income [6] - The investment portfolio at fair value was $985.9 million, slightly down from $991 million in Q1 2025 [7] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company invested $15.4 million in three new portfolio companies during the quarter and had $7.4 million in other investment activity at par [7] - Two full repayments totaled $21.7 million, with an additional $10.4 million of other repayments, all at par [7] - 98% of loans were secured, and 91% were priced at floating rates [8] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company ended the quarter with loans to five portfolio companies on nonaccrual, comprising 6.8% of total cost and 3.8% of fair value, representing a decrease from the prior quarter [9] - The average loan per company was $9.2 million, with the largest overall investment at $21.2 million [8] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company expects to see more equity realizations in the second half of the year, estimating $12 million in proceeds and approximately $10 million in gains [11] - The company plans to continue funding qualifying portfolio company investments through new leverage under the SBIC III license [9] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted a meaningful pickup in investment activity and M&A activity, indicating a busy second half of the year [10] - The company anticipates being able to grow the portfolio despite expected repayments, with a robust pipeline of opportunities [30][41] Other Important Information - The company has paid $306 million in dividends since its IPO, representing $17.35 per share to an investor in the IPO [6] - The company has received a green light letter from the Small Business Administration for SBIC III, which is an important step in the process [9] Q&A Session Summary Question: How much spillover is there left over and what's the strategy in terms of increasing leverage to cover the dividend? - The company has just under $45 million of spillover to work off through the dividend, expecting it to be about $38 million next year [17] - Current leverage is about 0.9 on a regulatory test and total leverage for GAAP is about 1.7 times, with a target leverage of about one to one [19] Question: How is the pipeline looking for the remainder of the year and where are the opportunities? - The company has seen a significant increase in M&A activity and expects to continue growing the portfolio with a robust pipeline of actionable opportunities [28][30] Question: Any insight into potential resolutions or progress with the current non-accrual list? - The company is working through the non-accruals, all backed by private equity firms, and had no new non-accruals this quarter [31] Question: What is the level of confidence on realizing potential equity realizations this year? - The company has a high likelihood of realizing the forecasted equity realizations as the businesses are actively marketed and well-performing [36] Question: How much of the portfolio rated three or lower is the company seriously nervous about? - The company expects to receive all principal and associated income from the portfolio rated three or lower, indicating a positive outlook [39]
Primerica(PRI) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-07 15:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Adjusted net operating income for Q2 2025 was $180 million, reflecting a 6% year-over-year increase, while diluted adjusted operating EPS rose 10% to $5.46 [5] - Total capital returned to stockholders during the quarter was $163 million, comprising $129 million in share repurchases and $34 million in regular dividends [5] - The company ended the quarter with $371 million in cash and invested assets, with an estimated RBC ratio of 490% [20][56] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Term Life segment revenues for Q2 2025 were $442 million, up 3% year-over-year, driven by a 5% growth in adjusted direct premiums [13] - ISP segment sales increased 15% to $3.5 billion, with net inflows of $487 million compared to $227 million in the prior year [8] - The mortgage business saw closed loan volume of $133 million in the U.S., up 33% year-over-year, and $45 million in Canada, up 30% [11] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The number of new term life insurance policies issued declined by 19% year-over-year, with a total face amount in force reaching a record $968 billion [7] - Client asset values in the ISP segment ended the quarter at $120 billion, up 14% year-over-year [8] - The company recruited over 80,000 individuals in Q2, with 13,000 new representatives licensed, a 10% decrease from the previous year [5][6] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to grow its sales force by 23% in 2025, emphasizing the importance of recruiting during economic uncertainty [6] - The complementary nature of ISP and Term Life products is highlighted, with ISP sales helping to offset headwinds in life sales [12] - The company is committed to investing in technology and infrastructure to support growth in the ISP segment [18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that cost of living pressures and economic uncertainty have led to a "wait and see" attitude among middle-income families, impacting term life sales [25][29] - There is confidence that middle-income families will adapt to economic conditions over time, and the company expects a normalization of persistency rates [14][46] - The company anticipates continued strong demand for retirement savings products, driven by demographic trends [9][62] Other Important Information - The company corrected its methodology for calculating outflows and market value for Canadian mutual fund assets, which had no impact on financial statements [9] - The net unrealized loss in the investment portfolio improved, ending the quarter with a loss of $158 million, attributed to interest rates rather than credit concerns [19] Q&A Session Summary Question: Decline in term life sales and cost of living impact - Management indicated that the decline in term life sales is due to cost of living pressures and uncertainty, leading to a wait-and-see attitude among families [25][29] Question: Recruitment opportunities amid economic pressures - Management confirmed that financial stress can create opportunities for recruiting new agents, as individuals seek additional income [31] Question: Favorable mortality trends - Management noted that favorable mortality trends have been observed for over ten quarters, with potential adjustments to long-term assumptions being considered [36] Question: ISP sales growth expectations - Management expects ISP sales growth to moderate but remain strong, with continued strength observed in July [44] Question: Capital deployment and RBC ratio - Management explained that the RBC ratio is influenced by regulatory restrictions and the desire to maintain a strong capital position to support growth [56] Question: Dynamics in different product areas - Management discussed the mix shift in product sales, noting that variable annuities are gaining traction due to market conditions [62] Question: Trends in mortgage business - Management expressed optimism about the mortgage business, particularly if interest rates decline, which could lead to refinancing opportunities [67] Question: Expense results in Q2 - Management indicated that Q2 expenses were influenced by timing and technology investments, with a full-year guidance of a 6% to 8% increase [74] Question: Efforts to grow ISP sales force - Management highlighted ongoing efforts to grow the ISP sales force and increase diversity in sales across product lines [78]
Louisiana-Pacific(LPX) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-06 16:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported siding revenue growth of 11% year-over-year, resulting in $755 million in sales and $142 million in EBITDA for the quarter [6][10][15] - Adjusted earnings per share for the quarter were $0.99, despite a negative impact of $102 million from lower OSB prices [6][10] - Operating cash flow was $162 million, supported by $142 million of EBITDA and seasonal reductions in working capital [15] Business Segment Data and Key Metrics Changes - The Siding segment achieved record volume, revenue, and EBITDA, with an EBITDA margin of 27% [6][12] - OSB segment EBITDA was $19 million, outperforming guidance due to exceptional cost control measures [14][15] - Siding OEE reached 78%, while OSB OEE hit 79%, indicating improved operational efficiency [6][10] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - U.S. housing starts remain below long-term average demand levels, contributing to falling commodity OSB prices [5][14] - The demand environment for OSB is described as unusually difficult, with prices at multiyear lows [17][18] - The company anticipates a flat volume for Siding in Q3 compared to the previous year, with a slight price increase expected [17] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to capture market share through its SmartSide product, which is expected to outperform other siding substrates [7][19] - Continued investment in sales and marketing is planned to drive growth, particularly in the Siding segment [76][78] - The company is focused on cost containment and operational efficiency in the OSB segment to navigate the current market challenges [14][18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the long-term growth potential of the Siding segment despite current market challenges [7][19] - The company is prepared to manage capacity and costs in response to fluctuating demand and pricing in the OSB market [14][18] - Management noted that while the demand environment is weakening, the Siding segment's growth driven by material conversion and product innovation remains strong [19] Other Important Information - The company was recognized as the safest company in 2024 by APA, marking the third consecutive year of this honor [8][9] - The company has $1.1 billion in liquidity, including $333 million in cash, positioning it well for future investments [15] Q&A Session Summary Question: Insights on Siding margin decrement in Q3 - Management indicated that Q3 might not reach the peak of Q2, suggesting a balanced approach to revenue and a cautious outlook on EBITDA [24][26] Question: Early trends in Q3 and CapEx implications - Management noted a strong carryover from Q1 into Q2 but observed some weakening in the order file as the quarter progressed [30] Question: Cost control measures in OSB - Management highlighted outstanding operational efficiency and aggressive cost containment as key drivers for better-than-expected EBITDA in OSB [38][39] Question: Impact of shrinking home sizes on Siding - Management acknowledged that while shrinking home sizes present a slight headwind, the overall market share opportunities in repair and remodel will outweigh this factor [40][41] Question: Siding guidance for the back half of the year - Management expects healthy volume growth in Q4, with a seasonal pattern indicating a shift between Q2 and Q3 [44] Question: OSB operating rates and production strategy - Management reported mid-eighty percent operating rates for OSB and emphasized matching production with demand to avoid inventory buildup [45][47] Question: Siding sell-through and channel inventories - Management expressed confidence in good sell-through in Q2 and reasonable channel inventories, supporting growth expectations for the fourth quarter [51][52] Question: Competitive dynamics in new residential market - Management noted opportunities for market share gains among smaller and medium-sized builders, despite exclusivity agreements with larger peers [100][102]
StoneX(SNEX) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-08-06 13:00
Financial Performance - Q3 2025 - StoneX Group Inc's operating revenues reached $1,024.3 million, a 12% increase compared to the previous year's fiscal Q3[9] - Net income increased by 2% to $63.4 million[9] - Diluted EPS decreased by 2% to $1.22[9] - Return on Equity (ROE) was 13.1%[9] Financial Performance - Trailing Twelve Months (TTM) - Operating revenues for the trailing twelve months reached $3,844.7 million, up 17%[9] - Net income for the trailing twelve months increased by 26% to $296.9 million[9] - Diluted EPS for the trailing twelve months increased by 22% to $5.87[9] - Return on Equity (ROE) was 16.6%[9] Segment Performance - Q3 2025 - Commercial segment net operating revenue was $221 million, a decrease of 24%[20] - Institutional segment net operating revenue was $200 million, an increase of 27%[20] Acquisition and Strategy - StoneX completed the acquisition of R.J O'Brien (RJO) on July 31st, 2025, which is expected to add approximately $6 billion in client float and 190 million in listed contract volumes[32]
Entravision(EVC) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-05 22:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - On a consolidated basis, Entravision increased revenue by 22% to $101 million in Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, with an operating loss of just under $1 million [4][12] - Corporate expenses were reduced by $4 million in Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, representing a 41% decrease [21] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Media segment revenue declined by 8% to $45.4 million in Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, attributed to fewer active local advertisers and economic uncertainty [5][12] - Advertising Technology and Services (ATS) revenue increased by 66% to $55.3 million in Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, driven by more customers and higher spend per customer [7][13] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The number of active local advertisers in Q2 2025 was higher than in Q1 2025, indicating a monthly revenue increase throughout 2025 [6] - The media business faced challenges due to political advertising fluctuations and economic conditions impacting advertiser confidence [12] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on increasing local sales capacity and expanding digital sales capabilities in the media segment [11] - In ATS, the strategy includes investing in engineering and sales capacity to enhance technology and AI capabilities [8][10] Management Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged the need for improvement in operating performance and profitability, emphasizing ongoing investments in both media and ATS segments [4][11] - The company aims to achieve profitability in each operating segment and on a consolidated basis, with a focus on revenue growth and expense reduction [20][18] Other Important Information - The company has a strong balance sheet with over $69 million in cash and marketable securities at the end of Q2 2025 [22] - A voluntary debt prepayment of $1 million was made, reducing credit facility indebtedness to approximately $178 million [22] Q&A Session Summary - There were no questions during the Q&A session, and the call concluded without further inquiries [25]
Northwest Natural pany(NWN) - 2025 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-08-05 16:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported adjusted net income of $2.28 per share for the first six months of 2025, compared to $1.6 per share for the same period last year [7] - Adjusted net income for Q2 2025 was $315,000 or $0.01 per share, an improvement from a loss of $2.8 million or $0.07 per share in Q2 2024 [17] - Year-to-date adjusted net income was $92.1 million or $2.28 per share for 2025, up from $61 million or $1.6 per share for the same period in 2024 [21] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The Northwest Natural Gas segment saw net income increase by $4.5 million or $0.12 per share, with margin increasing by $16.9 million due to new rates in Oregon [18] - Sea Energy provided net income of $1 million or $0.03 per share, with strong margin and net income trends aligning with expectations [18] - The Water segment's net income increased by $1.8 million or $0.04 per share, driven by new rates at the largest water utility in Arizona and additional revenues from acquired utilities [19] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The combined utility customer growth rate was 10.6% for the twelve months ended June 30, 2025, primarily driven by gas utilities in Texas [8] - Northwest Natural Water's customer base grew by 5.8% over the last twelve months, including three acquisitions [13] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company reaffirmed its annual 2025 adjusted earnings guidance, expecting a range of $2.75 to $2.95 per share [22] - The capital expenditure plan for 2025 is projected to be between $450 million and $500 million, focusing on modernizing infrastructure and system upgrades [23] - The company aims for a long-term earnings per share growth rate of 4% to 6% compounded annually from 2025 adjusted EPS [24] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving financial targets for the full year, citing strong performance across all business segments [24] - The company noted that while there are signs of housing market slowdown in Texas, overall growth remains strong with significant meter additions [29] Other Important Information - The company filed a general rate case in Oregon to recover investments in gas infrastructure, expecting a modest 2.5% rate increase effective October 31 [11] - The liquidity position at June 30, 2025, was approximately $550 million, with no material debt maturities expected in 2025 [24] Q&A Session Summary Question: Update on Sea Energy's growth and backlog - Management indicated that Sea Energy is performing as expected, with strong growth and a significant backlog exceeding annual goals by midyear [28][29] Question: Scale of upcoming water rate cases - Management noted that individual water rate cases are generally small, often less than $1 million in revenue requirement, leading to multiple rate cases executed annually [30]