石峁遗址人群来源哪里社会结构如何？古DNA研究破解谜题 中新网北京11月27日电 (记者 孙自法)被考古学界誉为"石破天惊"的新石器时代石峁遗址，是中国目前 所知规模最大的史前城址，其复杂的城防布局、多元的祭祀遗迹与高等级的文物遗存，展现出典型的早 期国家形态与高度的社会复杂化特征。 然而，对于4000多年前的石峁遗址人群来源、社会结构及与周边人群的关系等科学问题，学界长期以来 颇有争议，也备受关注。 确凿证据破解谜题 来自中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所(古脊椎所)的最新消息说，该所付巧妹研究团队联合陕西省 考古研究院/西北大学孙周勇考古团队，并与首都师范大学、中国社会科学院等机构的合作者一起，对 来自石峁遗址及周边、晋南地区遗址共169例古代人骨样本，历时13年展开大规模、高分辨率、系统性 古DNA研究，终于以确凿的遗传学证据破解石峁遗址人群来源、社会结构、周边关系等谜题。 石峁遗址城墙，新石器时代石雕艺术令人瞩目(图片来自陕西省考古研究院)。施普林格·自然 供图 这项石峁遗址考古取得的重大研究突破，是全球范围内首次从遗传学角度对如此大规模、高复杂性的史 前都邑性遗址进行社会制度和组织结构研究，也是首次 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Inner Mongolia Hongshan Culture Research Alliance has been established to promote collaborative research and preservation of the Hongshan culture, which is crucial for understanding the formation of China's diverse civilization [1] Group 1: Alliance Objectives - The alliance aims to create an open, collaborative, and efficient platform for research and preservation [1] - Four core missions have been outlined: coordinating protection efforts, deepening joint research, promoting living heritage, and facilitating mutual exchange [1] Group 2: Expert Insights - The Director of the Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Bureau emphasized the importance of protecting and systematically researching the Hongshan culture to address key academic issues related to its social civilization process [1] - There is a call for enhanced cross-regional collaboration to consolidate resources for the Hongshan culture's application for UNESCO World Heritage status and to articulate its value [1] Group 3: Impact on Cultural Identity - The establishment of the alliance is seen as a means to achieve "co-construction, communication, and sharing" among research forces within the region, supporting deeper and broader development of Hongshan culture studies [1] - This initiative is expected to contribute significantly to the continuity of Chinese cultural heritage, strengthen cultural confidence, and reinforce the sense of community among the Chinese nation [1]

Core Viewpoint - Historical and cultural heritage is a vital carrier of Chinese civilization and a valuable asset that continues the historical roots of China, with significant emphasis placed on the protection of such heritage by the government [1] Group 1 - The Western Xia Mausoleum is the largest, highest-grade, and best-preserved archaeological site of the Western Xia dynasty, providing irreplaceable evidence for the nearly 200-year history of the Western Xia dynasty and its royal lineage [1] - The Western Xia Mausoleum serves as a testament to the Western Xia dynasty's pivotal role as a hub along the Silk Road, highlighting its importance in historical trade and cultural exchange [1] - The preservation of the Western Xia Mausoleum contributes significantly to understanding the formation of a unified multi-ethnic nation and the multi-faceted nature of Chinese civilization [1]

Core Insights - The article discusses the historical significance and archaeological findings of the Tu Cheng Zi site in Inner Mongolia, which spans over 2000 years from the Spring and Autumn period to the Yuan dynasty, showcasing the integration of various cultures and civilizations in ancient China [2][3][5][6]. Summary by Sections Historical Context - The Tu Cheng Zi site was established by the Tuoba Xianbei before the Northern Wei dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang in 494 AD, serving as a foundational city for the dynasty [2]. - The site has been recognized as a national key cultural relic protection unit since 2001 and is set to officially open as a national archaeological site park in August 2025 [2]. Archaeological Findings - The site covers an area of approximately 3.32 million square meters, with city walls ranging from 0.5 to 10 meters in height and a total length exceeding 8800 meters [3]. - The archaeological excavations from 1959 to 2017 revealed a complex of four nested ancient cities, each representing different historical periods, including the Spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period, and the Northern Wei dynasty [3][5]. Cultural Artifacts - Over 10,000 artifacts have been unearthed, reflecting a rich historical sequence and showcasing the cultural exchanges between various ethnic groups [6]. - Notable artifacts include a bronze sword from the late Spring and Autumn period, which bears inscriptions and is linked to historical figures, illustrating interactions between the Central Plains and northern nomadic tribes [7][8]. Educational and Cultural Initiatives - The Tu Cheng Zi National Archaeological Site Park incorporates educational programs and cultural activities, promoting public engagement and awareness of the site's historical significance [11]. - The park features various exhibition areas, including a museum that displays representative artifacts and utilizes multimedia presentations to enhance visitor experience [6][11].

Core Insights - The discovery of over 5,000 immovable cultural relics and numerous prehistoric sites on the Tibetan Plateau provides significant insights into human survival skills, cultural development, and historical evolution in the region [1][2][3] Archaeological Findings - The Meilongdap site in western Ali is the highest prehistoric cave site globally, yielding over 10,000 cultural relics from the Paleolithic to early metal ages [1] - The Shanggagang site in central Duilong has important archaeological evidence from the middle and late Paleolithic periods, aiding in understanding early human adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau [1] - The Niaodi site in northern Shenzha, dated to 40,000-30,000 years ago, reveals a large wilderness stone tool site, illustrating the lifestyle of the earliest populations in the Tibetan Plateau [1] Historical Context - The Tibetan Plateau has historically been a crossroads of East Asian, South Asian, and Central Asian civilizations, with evidence of extensive trade networks during prehistoric times [2] - The population on the plateau is not homogeneous; it has been shaped by multiple waves of migration and cultural exchange over different historical periods [2] Cultural Development - Evidence indicates that human groups began to permanently settle in the Tibetan Plateau around 5,000-3,000 years ago, with the emergence of the earliest villages and a shift towards agriculture and animal husbandry [3] - By 1,400 years ago, the unified Tubo regime emerged, showcasing significant cultural exchanges with the Tang Dynasty and surrounding regions [4] Recent Archaeological Initiatives - Since 2018, 8-10 major archaeological projects in Tibet have been supported by the National Cultural Heritage Administration, leading to significant discoveries that enhance the understanding of Tibetan archaeology and its cultural evolution [4]

Core Viewpoint - The event highlighted the significance of the Western Xia Mausoleum as a testament to the historical interactions and cultural exchanges among multiple ethnic groups in China, emphasizing its unique position in the history of civilization [1]. Summary by Relevant Sections Historical Significance - The Western Xia Mausoleum showcases the characteristics of Western Xia civilization, including its site selection, spatial layout, burial system, architectural features, construction techniques, and funeral customs [1]. Cultural Value - The mausoleum reflects the multicultural integration and innovation resulting from exchanges, contributing to the formation of a unified multi-ethnic nation in China [1]. World Heritage Status - The inclusion of the Western Xia Mausoleum in the World Heritage List is deemed significant, as it presents the wisdom of civilization development revealed by this historical period to contemporary society [1]. National and Global Impact - The successful application for World Heritage status is expected to strengthen the sense of community among the Chinese nation and holds importance for national development and the future of global civilization and culture [1].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical development of Shanghai's civilization over 6000 years, highlighting its archaeological findings and cultural evolution from prehistoric times to its status as a modern international metropolis [1][2][6]. Group 1: Historical Development - Shanghai's prehistoric culture began over 6000 years ago, encompassing various cultural phases such as Majiabang, Songze, Liangzhu, Guangfulin, and Maqiao cultures [1][2]. - Archaeological discoveries since 1935 have identified around 40 sites in Shanghai, primarily in the western regions, revealing significant artifacts like pottery, stone tools, and burial sites that provide insights into early Shanghai's cultural and social characteristics [1][6]. Group 2: Cultural Significance - The integration of northern Central Plains culture with local traditions around 4000 years ago led to the formation of Guangfulin and Maqiao cultures, indicating Shanghai's role in the "multicultural" framework of Chinese civilization [2][4]. - The Maqiao culture, dating back to the Xia and Shang dynasties, showcases a rich diversity of artifacts, particularly the duck-shaped pot, which reflects cultural exchanges between regions [4]. Group 3: Archaeological Insights - The article mentions the upcoming exhibition "Starry China: Sanxingdui and Jinsha Ancient Shu Civilization," which will feature artifacts like jade cong, suggesting potential cultural connections between the Longjiang and Chengdu regions despite significant temporal and spatial gaps [4]. - The Qinglong Town site, identified as Shanghai's earliest foreign trade port, thrived during the Tang and Song dynasties, highlighting the city's historical role in international trade long before modern times [6][7]. Group 4: Urban Development - By the Song dynasty, Qinglong Town evolved into a significant port facilitating broader trade networks, which later shifted to Shanghai Town during the Yuan dynasty due to changes in water systems [7]. - The historical narrative emphasizes that Shanghai's identity as a port city has deep roots, contributing to its open, innovative, and inclusive urban character [7].

Core Viewpoint - The exhibition "From Southwest Barbarians to Yizhou County - Yunnan during the Warring States and Qin-Han Periods" showcases approximately 470 artifacts, with over 40% being publicly displayed for the first time, highlighting significant archaeological achievements in Yunnan over the past 30 years [1][2]. Group 1 - The exhibition features more than 300 precious artifacts, marking the highest quantity and proportion of valuable items ever displayed by the Yunnan Provincial Museum, including bronze wares, pottery, lacquered wooden items, bamboo slips, seals, gold items, and jade [1]. - The exhibition presents a clear historical evolution of Yunnan from the Southwest Barbarians to Yizhou County, utilizing historical texts and archaeological findings [1][2]. - Artifacts from various regions in Yunnan, including significant items from the "National Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries," are included, showcasing the rich cultural diversity and interactions between border regions and central plains [2]. Group 2 - The exhibition runs until October 19, providing an extended opportunity for public engagement with Yunnan's historical artifacts [3].

Core Points - The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has officially added the "Western Xia Tombs" to the World Heritage List, bringing China's total number of World Heritage sites to 60 [1] - The Western Xia Tombs, established by the Tangut people during the Western Xia Dynasty from the 11th to 13th centuries, serve as a significant testament to the formation of a multi-ethnic unified nation in China [2] Group 1: Cultural Significance - The Western Xia Tombs cover an area of nearly 40 square kilometers and include 9 imperial tombs, 271 accompanying graves, and various architectural and archaeological sites, showcasing the historical significance of the Western Xia Dynasty [2] - The site reflects the cultural exchange and innovation among different ethnic groups, as evidenced by its architectural features and burial customs [2][3] Group 2: Archaeological Findings - Artifacts unearthed from the Western Xia Tombs, such as the green-glazed chiwen, provide crucial insights into ancient Chinese architectural history and demonstrate the integration of Central Plains culture [4] - The discovery of bilingual inscriptions in Western Xia and Han characters illustrates the deep cultural integration during the Western Xia period [4] Group 3: Economic and Trade Aspects - The Western Xia Dynasty was strategically located along the Silk Road, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring states and distant regions [5] - Artifacts like coins, silk, and other trade goods highlight the Western Xia's role as a commercial hub in cross-regional trade during the era [6] Group 4: Preservation Efforts - The successful application for World Heritage status involved extensive efforts in site protection, environmental improvement, and community engagement, showcasing the dedication of various stakeholders [7][9] - Innovative preservation techniques have been developed to protect the earthen structures of the tombs, setting a benchmark for heritage conservation in arid regions [8] Group 5: Community Impact - The heritage protection efforts have positively impacted local communities, improving living standards and fostering a sense of pride and responsibility towards the Western Xia heritage [10] - Community involvement in preservation activities has strengthened the connection between the public and the Western Xia Tombs, enhancing cultural awareness and education [9][10]

Core Viewpoint - The exhibition "Prince, Proton, King: The Southern Yue Ming King and His Era" opened at the Southern Yue King Museum and will run until August 20, showcasing over 160 Han Dynasty artifacts from Guangdong, highlighting the story of the third Southern Yue King Zhao Yingqi and the historical integration of the Lingnan region into the Chinese cultural community [1][3]. Group 1 - The exhibition is divided into four sections: "Southern Yue Prince," "Chang'an as Proton," "Southern Yue Ming King," and "Southern Yue Hongmen Banquet," presenting a multi-dimensional view of Zhao Yingqi's story and his era [3][5]. - Zhao Yingqi (circa 150 BC to 113 BC), son of Southern Yue King Zhao Mo, transitioned through three identities: prince, proton, and Ming king, adopting the governance system of the Han Dynasty and introducing advanced technologies from the Central Plains during his reign [5][7]. - The exhibition features the remains of Zhao Mo, displayed for the first time in 15 years, with his burial attire being a jade suit, and his estimated age at death being between 40 and 45 years [8]. Group 2 - Artifacts on display include six博棋 (a type of ancient board game), Han-style bronze tripods, and Yue-style bronze tripods, reflecting the cultural exchange between the Central Plains and Lingnan [8]. - The Southern Yue King Museum previously held exhibitions on the first and second Southern Yue Kings, emphasizing Zhao Yingqi's role in promoting the deep integration of Southern Yue culture with Han culture, contributing to the formation and development of a multi-faceted Chinese civilization [7][8].