Core Viewpoint - The challenges faced by non-native Chinese learners include mastering pronunciation, writing Chinese characters, and understanding Chinese grammar, which vary based on the learner's native language background [4][5][7][9]. Group 1: Challenges in Learning Chinese - Pronunciation, particularly tones, is a significant hurdle for many learners, with examples of students struggling to differentiate between similar tones [4][5][7]. - Writing Chinese characters poses difficulties, with learners sometimes forgetting characters or finding them challenging to write [5][9]. - Understanding Chinese grammar can be complex due to its non-morphological nature, which relies on semantic and contextual relationships rather than explicit grammatical markers [8][9]. Group 2: Learner Experiences and Strategies - Learners have developed various strategies to overcome challenges, such as creating immersive language environments through media and role-playing [5][6][10]. - The importance of using newly learned vocabulary in conversation is emphasized, as it aids retention and practical application [5][6][10]. - Cultural understanding is highlighted as essential for mastering the language, suggesting that learners should engage with Chinese culture to enhance their language skills [11]. Group 3: Teaching Approaches - Teachers are encouraged to use methods like radical decomposition to help students understand the structure of Chinese characters [10]. - For tone difficulties, techniques such as comparison and gesture can provide more intuitive understanding [10]. - Contextualized grammar teaching is recommended to help students grasp Chinese expression habits more effectively [10].