Core Viewpoint - The study reveals that newly evolved human de novo genes, crucial for brain development and cognitive function, may also promote cancer, leading to the development of mRNA cancer vaccines that effectively stimulate anti-tumor immune responses and significantly inhibit tumor growth [3][9]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research identified 37 de novo genes with clear evolutionary trajectories unique to humans and their close primate relatives [5][7]. - These de novo genes exhibit increased expression in tumors, with 57.1% of their deletions suppressing tumor cell proliferation, indicating their oncogenic roles [5][7]. - The study highlights two specific de novo genes, ELFN1-AS1 and TYMSOS, which are expressed during early human development but reactivated in tumors, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets [5][6]. Group 2: Vaccine Development - The research team developed an mRNA vaccine targeting ELFN1-AS1 and TYMSOS, which activates anti-tumor immune responses in humanized mouse models, demonstrating significant tumor growth inhibition [6][9]. - The new antigens derived from these genes can induce specific immune responses in patient-derived immune cells, showcasing promising clinical translation potential [6][9].