Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Core Viewpoints of the Report - A steepening bond market trend in the past is a reference. In the first half of 2009, there was a notable "short - end down, long - end up" situation in 1y and 10y treasury bonds, similar to March this year. The key is to judge the trend of credit expansion. If credit expansion is weak, the long - end interest rate has a clear ceiling and will reverse after adjustment. For now, the weak bill rate in March indicates that credit投放 momentum is hard to sustain, and the net financing of government bonds has no significant increase. So, the social financing growth rate is likely to decline in the second quarter, presenting a long - end trend opportunity [1]. - After the curve steepens, two key factors are the central bank's support and credit expansion. Without credit expansion, economic stabilization may not be sustainable, and long - end yields are likely to decline, leading to a "compressing spread" (bull steepening) scenario [2][10]. Summary of Each Section According to the Table of Contents 1 Curve Steepening: Key Considerations - The situation in March this year is similar to that in the first half of 2009. The central bank's sufficient liquidity injection and continuous support led to short - end yields following the funds and moving lower. Meanwhile, long - end yields oscillated upward as they were influenced by economic recovery and inflation expectations [7][8]. - After the curve steepens, two crucial factors are the central bank's stance and credit expansion. As long as the global political situation is complex and the financial market is volatile, the central bank is likely to maintain stability. Credit expansion is crucial for economic recovery, and it can crowd out bond - allocating funds and affect market expectations. Without credit expansion, long - end rates are more likely to decline, and the bond market still has trend opportunities [2][10][11]. 2 Steepening Market in the First Half of 2009 2.1 Prelude: Policy Shift Caused by the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis and Curve "Bull Steepening" - In July 2008, the Politburo meeting focused on controlling inflation. However, after the subprime mortgage crisis fully erupted in September 2008, economic data deteriorated significantly, and the policy shifted to "stable growth" [13][14]. - The government adopted "broad fiscal + broad monetary" policies. The central bank cut the reserve requirement ratio three times, lowered interest rates four times, and carried out open - market operations. The government also launched a 4 - trillion - yuan stimulus plan, leading to an increase in long - term bond issuance. The yield curve showed a bull - steepening pattern starting from October 2008 [16][17][20]. 2.2 How Did the Bull Steepening Market in 2009 Unfold? 2.2.1 Steepening from January to July 2009: "Stable Low - level Funding Rates + Recovery Expectations" - Short - end: The release of reserve - requirement - cut funds and the high degree of deposit current - account conversion led to low - level funding rates. Although the central bank did not cut the reserve requirement ratio or interest rates in the first half of 2009, it continued to support the market. The 1 - year treasury bond rate oscillated in the range of 0.90% - 1.00% from March to June, after adjustments in January and February [28][29]. - Long - end: The market was caught in a tug - of - war over "recovery expectations." At the beginning of the year, the better - than - expected credit data led to a short - term recovery trade in the bond market. However, due to the ample funds of allocation - oriented investors, long - term bond rates oscillated until the end of May when they started to rise again [32]. 2.2.2 From July to December 2009: The Central Bank Exited "Excessive Easing" + Long - Term Bonds Were Traded Based on Economic Recovery Expectations - Short - end: In July, the central bank restarted the issuance of 1 - year central bank bills, indicating a shift from excessive easing to a tighter monetary policy. The 1 - year short - term bond rate rose from around 0.98% to around 1.49% by the end of the year [39]. - Long - end: Interest rates oscillated upward following economic expectations. The 10 - year treasury bond rate fluctuated due to factors such as economic data, bond supply, and inflation expectations. By the end of December, the 10 - year treasury bond yield was around 3.64% [42][45][46].

Report Summary 1. Investment Rating of the Industry The report does not mention the investment rating of the industry. 2. Core Viewpoints - The core contradiction has switched, and the balance of asset allocation continues. Bonds have entered a "sell on every rally" time window, and the interest rate curve is steepening [39][43]. - Pay attention to the potential impact of supply - demand pattern changes on the credit bond market. In the second quarter, focus on the potential incremental demand for credit bonds [3][45]. - Currently, the valuation of credit bonds may not be highly cost - effective, but the potential adjustment pressure is relatively controllable. Credit bonds will follow the adjustment rather than over - adjust [4][162]. - The credit strategy is to shift from reducing duration to controlling duration and from a defensive to an offensive stance [4][193]. 3. Summary by Directory 2026 Market Review - **Primary Market**: In 2026Q1 (as of March 15), the issuance and net supply of traditional credit bonds decreased quarter - on - quarter. Bank secondary perpetual bonds had no new issuance, and net financing turned negative. For traditional credit bonds, the issuance and net financing were 2428.1 billion yuan and 773.5 billion yuan respectively, with a slight decrease in net supply. For bank secondary perpetual bonds, there was no new issuance, 4.76 billion yuan of maturities, and negative net financing [8][15][31]. - **Secondary Market**: In Q1, credit bond yields declined across the board, and credit spreads mostly narrowed. In January, credit bonds strengthened; in February, the market oscillated; since March, the bond market has weakened, but credit bonds have shown resilience. Yields of various maturities decreased, and credit spreads mostly narrowed, with short - term secondary perpetual bonds having the largest narrowing amplitude [18][19][31]. 2026 March - May Market Outlook - **Bond Market Transition**: The core contradiction in the bond market has switched. Bonds have entered a "sell on every rally" time window, and the interest rate curve is steepening. The 10 - year Treasury yield may range from 1.77% to 1.95%, with a possibility of breaking above 1.9%. It is recommended to be cautious about long - term and ultra - long - term assets [39][43]. - **Supply - Demand Pattern**: - **Supply**: For general credit bonds, urban investment bonds have net inflows, and industrial bond supply remains strong. For financial bonds, there has been no new issuance of secondary perpetual bonds this year, and the supply of ordinary securities firm bonds has increased, but these extreme structural features are not sustainable [67][76][224]. - **Demand**: - **Wealth Management**: The scale was stable in Q1, with seasonal balance - sheet return pressure in March. The scale is expected to grow seasonally in Q2, and the demand is mainly for medium - and short - term bonds [82]. - **Funds**: The scale and structure of amortized cost bond funds are changing. Pay attention to the potential increment of "fixed - income +" funds, and credit bond ETFs may still have an impulse to increase volume at the end of the quarter [86][101][129]. - **Insurance**: The proportion of dividend - paying insurance in the insurance liability side has increased, and the demand for long - term bonds has decreased. The direct investment in credit bonds is strong, but the buying power has weakened marginally [138][141]. - **Other Potential Changes**: The credit spreads of ultra - long - term credit bonds with maturities over 5 years have declined, but the trading desks are still cautious. The optimization of inter - bank rules promotes the launch of science and technology innovation bond indices and index products, and there are potential opportunities in inter - bank science and technology innovation bonds [144][148][159]. - **Valuation and Adjustment Pressure**: Currently, the valuation of credit bonds may not be highly cost - effective, but the potential adjustment pressure is relatively controllable. Historically, when long - term interest rates rise and the 10 - 1Y term spread widens, credit spreads do not necessarily widen. In March, spreads may oscillate weakly, and there may be market opportunities from April to May [162][178][185]. - **Credit Strategy**: - **General Strategy**: In March, gradually switch from medium - term (3 - 5 years) to medium - and short - term (around 3 years) bonds, and from high - elasticity, low - safety - cushion varieties to low - elasticity, certain - safety - cushion varieties. Actively seize potential credit market opportunities from April to May while keeping the duration in check [193]. - **Urban Investment Bonds**: For bonds with a maturity of less than 3 years, increase returns through credit enhancement; for bonds with a maturity of more than 3 years, increase positions on dips [197][201][203]. - **Industrial Bonds**: Control the duration and focus on carry trades [207][212][213]. - **Bank Secondary Perpetual Bonds**: Generally, be cautious and wait and see. Pay attention to the participation opportunities of medium - and short - term secondary perpetual bonds of small and medium - sized banks [220][223].

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information about the industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - The long - term interest rates were weak under the background of the Iran conflict and high international oil prices this week, while the medium - and short - term interest rates were strong due to the influence of the inter - bank deposit self - regulatory mechanism. The current interest rate curve is steepening, and the weak performance of long - term bond interest rates is actually due to the increasing pricing power of securities firms [5][11]. - Securities firms sold large amounts of 7Y, 10Y, and 30Y treasury bonds this week. Large and small and medium - sized banks bought 7Y and 10Y bonds respectively, and small and medium - sized banks were the main buyers of 30 - year treasury bonds. Public funds' net purchases of treasury bonds of each maturity were low. In the case of policy financial bonds, public funds mainly sold 10 - year bonds and bought 3 - year bonds, indicating that they no longer prefer long - term bonds and are turning to medium - and short - term interest - rate bonds. The pricing power of securities firms for ultra - long bonds has further increased [5][11]. - There are two marginal changes. First, securities firms have a relatively strong preference for the 7Y treasury bond variety recently, with a similar preference level to the 10Y variety. Second, banks are net buyers of 7Y policy financial bonds, indicating that institutions are generally optimistic about the compression of the medium - and short - term tax spread, and banks are pre - emptively buying state - owned development bonds [5][11]. - On March 13, the lending concentration of the 30 - year treasury bond active bond 2500006 reached 48%, which is a record high. This reflects that short - sellers are still not giving up after making wrong bets from January to February and are continuing to borrow bonds to increase short - selling. The subsequent short - covering power is expected to drive interest rates down [5][12]. - Currently, public funds have a low willingness to hold ultra - long bonds. Securities firms in the trading market continue to borrow bonds from banks and then sell them short. It is necessary to pay attention to whether inflation expectations continue to ferment and whether the market's expectation of nominal growth rate significantly increases after the release of economic data. It is judged that ultra - long bonds have high allocation value around 2.29% - 2.30%, and the 30Y - 10Y treasury bond term spread is also expected to compress [5][12]. 3. Summary by Directory 1. This Week's Bond Market Review - The long - term interest rates were weak under the influence of the Iran conflict and high international oil prices, while the medium - and short - term interest rates were strong due to the inter - bank deposit self - regulatory mechanism. The interest rate curve is steepening, and the weak long - term bond interest rates are due to the increasing pricing power of securities firms [5][11]. - Securities firms sold large amounts of 7Y, 10Y, and 30Y treasury bonds. Large and small and medium - sized banks bought 7Y and 10Y bonds respectively, and small and medium - sized banks were the main buyers of 30 - year treasury bonds. Public funds' net purchases of treasury bonds of each maturity were low. In the case of policy financial bonds, public funds mainly sold 10 - year bonds and bought 3 - year bonds, indicating a shift to medium - and short - term interest - rate bonds [5][11]. - There are two marginal changes: securities firms' preference for 7Y treasury bonds and banks' net buying of 7Y policy financial bonds, reflecting institutions' optimism about the compression of the medium - and short - term tax spread [5][11]. - The high lending concentration of the 30 - year treasury bond active bond 2500006 on March 13 reflects short - sellers' continued short - selling. The subsequent short - covering power is expected to drive interest rates down [5][12]. - Public funds have a low willingness to hold ultra - long bonds. Securities firms continue to short - sell. It is necessary to pay attention to inflation expectations and economic data. Ultra - long bonds have high allocation value around 2.29% - 2.30%, and the 30Y - 10Y treasury bond term spread is expected to compress [5][12].

Group 1 - The report indicates a steepening of the yield curve with a slight increase in credit spreads. The 1Y and 3Y national development bond yields decreased by 2BP and 1BP respectively, while the 10Y yield increased by 1BP. The overall credit spreads have slightly widened, particularly for higher-rated bonds [3][10]. - For city investment bonds, the credit spreads mostly increased by 1BP. AAA, AA+, and AA-rated platforms saw an overall rise in spreads, with specific regions like Ningxia experiencing a 3BP increase [4][15]. - The report highlights that the mixed-ownership real estate bonds experienced a decline in spreads by 20BP, while state-owned enterprise real estate bonds saw a slight widening of 0-1BP [26][32]. Group 2 - The report notes that the secondary capital bonds showed a strong short-end and weak long-end characteristic, with 3Y and longer spreads widening. The 1Y yields for various grades decreased by 2-3BP, while the 10Y yields increased by 7BP [5][32]. - The 3Y industrial perpetual bonds' excess spread increased by 0.34BP to 9.97BP, while the city investment AAA-rated 3Y perpetual bonds' excess spread narrowed by 1.40BP to 6.06BP [35][36].

Core Viewpoint - The yield on 10-year government bonds is expected to range between 1.7% and 2.1% by 2026, with the spread between 30-year and 10-year government bonds likely returning to around 50 basis points, reflecting a comprehensive consideration of macroeconomic and policy environments, as well as changes in institutional allocation behavior [1] Group 1 - The market's primary focus since December of last year has been on the supply and demand issues related to ultra-long-term bonds [1] - The capacity of insurance funds and large banks to absorb ultra-long-term bonds has significantly lagged behind the pace of supply expansion, leading to a pronounced steepening of the yield curve during the process of rising yields [1]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - There is no information provided regarding the industry investment rating in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Interest rate trading opportunities lie in the long - end, and the resilience of credit under loose funds may continue. Since June, the interest rate curve has been steepening, with the spread between 10 - year and 1 - year Treasury bonds widening from 20bp to 43bp. The curve's steepness or flatness mainly depends on the performance of long - end interest rates, with a higher probability of range - bound fluctuations [2]. - After the curve steepens, there are trading opportunities. There are still long - end trading opportunities after the bond market correction. The bullet strategy is theoretically more advantageous, and high - coupon local bonds' spread compression opportunities can be observed. Credit bonds are more resilient under loose funds, and the pattern of interest rate fluctuations with credit resilience may persist [4]. 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs 3.1 This Week's Institutional Behavior Review - **Curve Steepening Characteristics**: Since June, the interest rate curve has steepened. The short - end remains stable at around 1.40% due to stable funds and large banks' continuous buying of short - term bonds. The long - end is the main factor for the curve's steepening. The trading volume of long - term bonds has increased, and the bond market sentiment is fragile. The curve's future shape depends on long - end interest rates, with a likely range - bound trend [2][3]. - **Trading Opportunities after Curve Steepening**: There are still long - end trading opportunities after the bond market correction. High - coupon local bonds' spread compression opportunities can be considered. Credit bonds are more resilient under loose funds, and this pattern may continue [4]. 3.2 Yield Curve - **Treasury Bonds**: Yields have generally increased. The 1Y yield changed less than 1bp, 3Y increased by 1bp, 5Y changed less than 1bp, 7Y increased by 2bp, 10Y increased by 4bp, 15Y increased by about 8bp, and 30Y increased by 7bp. The 1Y remained at the 12% percentile, 3Y rose to 12%, 5Y and 7Y remained at 11%, 10Y rose to 13%, 15Y rose to 13%, and 30Y rose to 14% [13]. - **China Development Bank Bonds**: Yields also increased overall. The 1Y increased by 4bp, 3Y by 6bp, 5Y by about 7bp, 7Y by 6bp, 10Y by 16bp, 15Y by 11bp, and 30Y by 7bp. The 1Y rose to 14%, 3Y to 13%, 5Y to 14%, 7Y to 13%, 10Y to 13%, 15Y to 14%, and 30Y to 14% [13]. 3.3 Term Spread - **Treasury Bonds**: The interest rate spread inversion deepened, and the term spread generally widened. The 1Y - DR001 spread inversion deepened by 3bp, 1Y - DR007 by 1bp. The 3Y - 1Y spread narrowed by 1bp, 5Y - 3Y widened by 1bp, 7Y - 5Y by 4bp, 10Y - 7Y by 1bp, 15Y - 10Y by about 7bp, and 30Y - 15Y remained flat [18]. - **China Development Bank Bonds**: The interest rate spread showed different trends. The short - and medium - term spreads widened, while the long - term spreads narrowed. The 1Y - DR001 spread inversion deepened by about 2bp, 1Y - DR007 increased by 2bp. The 3Y - 1Y spread widened by about 2bp, 5Y - 3Y changed less than 1bp, 7Y - 5Y changed less than 1bp, 10Y - 7Y widened by 10bp, 15Y - 10Y narrowed by 5bp, and 30Y - 15Y narrowed by 1bp [19]. 3.4 Bond Market Leverage and Funding - **Leverage Ratio**: From September 8 to 12, 2025, the leverage ratio fluctuated and decreased. As of September 12, it was about 107.03%, down 0.22pct from the previous Friday and 0.08pct from Monday [22]. - **Repo Transaction Volume**: The average daily trading volume of pledged repos from September 8 to 12 was about 7.5 trillion yuan, down 0.18 trillion yuan from the previous week. The average daily overnight pledged repo trading volume was 7.3 trillion yuan, down 0.16 trillion yuan, and the overnight trading volume ratio averaged 88.43%, up 0.08pct [28][29]. - **Funding Situation**: Bank - based funds' net lending first increased and then decreased. The main fund borrowers were funds. DR007 fluctuated upward, and R007 fluctuated downward. As of September 12, R007 was 1.47%, up 0.0085pct from the previous Friday; DR007 was 1.46%, up 0.02pct; the spread between R007 and DR007 was 0.0076bp [33]. 3.5 Duration of Medium - and Long - Term Bond Funds - **Median Duration**: From September 8 to 12, the median duration of medium - and long - term bond funds (de - leveraged) was 2.68 years, down 0.08 years from the previous Friday; (leveraged) it was 2.78 years, down 0.16 years [44]. - **Duration by Bond Fund Type**: The median duration of interest - rate bond funds (leveraged) decreased to 3.67 years, down 0.02 years from the previous Friday; that of credit bond funds (leveraged) decreased to 2.48 years, down 0.08 years. The median duration of interest - rate bond funds (de - leveraged) was 3.35 years, down 0.01 years; that of credit bond funds (de - leveraged) was 2.45 years, down 0.07 years [47]. 3.6 Generic Strategy Comparison - **Sino - US Spread**: The short - end spread narrowed, while the long - end spread widened. The 1Y narrowed by 1bp, 2Y by 3bp, 3Y by 3bp, 5Y by 4bp, 7Y widened by 1bp, 10Y by 8bp, and 30Y by 17bp [53]. - **Implied Tax Rate**: Overall, it widened. As of September 12, the spread between China Development Bank bonds and Treasury bonds widened by 3bp for 1Y, 5bp for 3Y, 6bp for 5Y, 4bp for 7Y, 11bp for 10Y, 2bp for 15Y, and remained flat for 30Y [54]. 3.7 Bond Lending Balance Changes - On September 12, the lending concentration of active 10 - year Treasury bonds, active 10 - year China Development Bank bonds, and active 30 - year Treasury bonds increased, while that of less - active 10 - year Treasury bonds and less - active 10 - year China Development Bank bonds decreased. Among institutions, large banks and securities firms saw a decrease, while small and medium - sized banks and other institutions saw an increase [58].