《危机经济学》涵盖的不仅是2008年危机，还有过去三十多 年在东南亚、拉丁美洲等地发生的区域性宏观危机。 作者：韩明睿 封图：图虫创意 距离2008年全球金融危机已经过去了一代人的时间。无论是决策者还是关心经济的普通人，都想 知道应当从中吸取什么教训。这当然也是十几年来经济学界的研究重点之一。由两位顶尖的宏观经 济学家马库斯·布伦纳梅尔和里卡多·雷斯合写的《危机经济学:宏观金融的崩溃与复苏》，就是面向 仅具有经济学基本知识的非专业人士介绍该领域研究进展的一本小书。英文书名"A Crash Course on Crises"实际上围绕"崩溃"（crash）一词玩了个文字游戏，"crash course"意为"速成课程"，这 套危机"速成课程"的主题也就不是一般的金融危机，而是像2008年危机这样的宏观金融崩溃。根 据两位作者的定义，金融危机是指一个金融市场所遭受的负面冲击迅速蔓延至别处，使多个市场几 乎同时出现大幅下跌或亏损。金融危机并不一定会对宏观经济造成沉重打击。世纪之交科技股泡沫 破灭，对经济就没有太大影响。但如果危机严重伤害了实体经济，经济问题又反馈至金融领域并加 剧危机，爆发的就是宏观金融崩溃了。《危 ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the lessons learned from the 2008 financial crisis and the evolution of macroeconomic and financial theories in understanding financial crises [1][2] Mechanisms of Crisis Formation - The 2008 crisis was primarily triggered by subprime mortgages linked to the real estate market, a pattern observed in various financial crises over the past century [4] - Real estate booms often result from capital inflows, making the sector a favored destination for financing, particularly in developing countries [4] - The influx of funds into real estate does not necessarily promote growth in productive sectors like manufacturing, leading to asset price bubbles [4][5] Nature of Financial Crises - Financial crises are characterized by bank runs, where liquidity issues can escalate into solvency problems, affecting both traditional banks and shadow banking institutions [6] - The interconnectedness of financial institutions means that a crisis in one area can lead to widespread asset sell-offs, exacerbating market downturns [7][8] Sovereign Debt Crisis - The relationship between banks and governments is crucial, as systemic banking crises can lead to sovereign debt crises due to the intertwined fates of financial institutions and state finances [9] Policy Responses - Central banks play a vital role in responding to crises, utilizing tools like liquidity provision and quantitative easing to stabilize markets [11][12] - Fiscal policies, such as increasing public spending during crises, are recommended to counteract reduced private sector consumption and prevent liquidity traps [13] Emerging Policy Proposals - New policy suggestions include automatic fiscal measures triggered by economic downturn indicators and a shift in monetary policy targets from inflation to nominal GDP [14]