Group 1 - The core issue is the increasing demand for childcare services for children aged 0-3 years in China, with over 40 million children in this age group and an annual birth rate where approximately 80% are potential service users. However, the average enrollment rate for this age group is only 4.29%, significantly lower than the OECD average of 34.5% [3][4] - There are notable regional and income disparities in childcare service availability, with enrollment rates exceeding 10% in high-income families in first-tier cities, while rural areas in central and western China have rates below 2%. Monthly childcare expenses range from 1,500 to 3,500 yuan, with low-income families spending over 14% of their income on childcare [3][4] - The age of 2 years is a critical threshold for enrollment, indicating a lack of comprehensive care services for infants under 24 months, as most institutions prefer to accept children who are more independent [3][4] Group 2 - The current childcare service system in China is fragmented, with various service models including family-based, community-based, enterprise-based, and institutional care, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. There is a lack of unified standards and regulations across different departments, leading to inconsistent service quality [4][5] - A significant challenge is the shortage of qualified childcare professionals, with low wages and high turnover rates. The number of higher education institutions offering specialized training in infant care is limited, resulting in a mismatch between educational offerings and industry needs [5][6] Group 3 - Local governments are exploring innovative childcare solutions, such as integrating psychological assessments and health services into childcare programs, and developing community-based models to enhance accessibility and reduce costs [6][7] - Successful practices include incorporating affordable childcare services into urban planning and community services, demonstrating the importance of integrating childcare into broader social governance frameworks [7] Group 4 - Internationally, developed countries have established robust childcare systems as part of their social policies. For instance, Japan has a comprehensive system that supports working mothers and encourages childbirth through public-private partnerships, while the U.S. faces challenges with childcare deserts leading to decreased birth rates and increased inequality [8] Group 5 - To build a supportive childcare system in China, it is essential to recognize childcare services as a public good, establish national standards, enhance professional training, and encourage diverse participation in service provision. Innovations in curriculum and service delivery are also necessary to meet the varied needs of families [9][11]