Group 1 - The article discusses various factors affecting the range of electric vehicles, emphasizing that beyond low temperatures, many subtle elements can impact battery performance [1][2] - Brake calipers can significantly influence vehicle range due to drag torque when they do not fully release, leading to increased energy consumption [4][6] - Data from manufacturers indicate that at -7°C, drag torque from brake calipers can increase by 50%, potentially reducing the actual range of a 500 km electric vehicle by 15-20 km [4][6] Group 2 - Design flaws in electronic parking brake systems can lead to excessive drag torque, which not only raises brake disc temperatures but also diminishes range [6] - Insufficient lubrication of caliper guide pins and other mechanical factors can also contribute to drag torque, resulting in uneven wear on brake components [8] - The average drag torque for mainstream calipers is around 1.5 Nm, with some suppliers offering calipers that can reduce this to below 1.0 Nm, enhancing vehicle range [10] Group 3 - The viscosity of lubricating oil in the drivetrain increases in low temperatures, leading to reduced transmission efficiency and further impacting winter range [12] - Tire rolling resistance is a significant factor affecting range, as it is influenced by the weight of electric vehicles and the properties of the tires [14][16] - Michelin data indicates that 90%-95% of tire rolling resistance comes from the repeated deformation of the tire during rolling [16] Group 4 - Lowering tire deformation can reduce rolling resistance, and optimizing rubber materials can also help achieve this [18] - The wind resistance coefficient does not always correlate with energy efficiency, as factors like vehicle speed play a crucial role in energy consumption [19][21] - Energy consumption increases exponentially with speed; for instance, at 120 km/h, the power requirement can reach approximately 31 kW, compared to 2.3 kW at 30 km/h [25]