Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the changing dynamics of women's lives in Japan, particularly focusing on the increasing number of women living independently without marriage, driven by economic stagnation and societal shifts [4][5]. Group 1: Economic Context - Japan's prolonged economic stagnation has led to a significant shift in women's life choices, with marriage no longer seen as a safety net but rather a potential risk [5]. - The employment landscape for women has deteriorated, with a high percentage (54.8%) of women in non-regular employment as of 2019, compared to 25.7% for men, leading to lower average monthly salaries [7][8]. - The average annual income for men aged 35-44 decreased by approximately 11% from 1997 to 2020, contributing to the perception that marriage is no longer financially beneficial [9]. Group 2: Changing Marriage Dynamics - The traditional path of "marriage and resignation" has shifted to a fear of job loss, with only 17.6% of non-regular female workers able to transition to permanent positions in the past five years [8]. - Among unmarried women aged 30-34, 46.2% cite the lack of a financially stable partner as a primary reason for remaining single [8]. - The concept of "working poverty" affects many single women, with an average disposable income of 2.87 million yen (approximately 140,000 RMB) per year, barely covering basic living expenses [8]. Group 3: Social and Institutional Challenges - The traditional gender roles in Japanese society have eroded, making marriage less appealing as men’s incomes stagnate and women bear the brunt of household responsibilities [9][10]. - Women spend an average of 4 hours and 3 minutes daily on household and childcare duties, while men only spend 41 minutes, leading to a "double shift" for working women [10]. - The introduction of the "pension division system" in 2014 has provided some financial security for divorced women, but single-parent households still face a high relative poverty rate of 50.6% [10]. Group 4: Systemic Inequities - Japan's welfare system primarily supports families, leaving single, divorced, or childless women at a disadvantage, often referred to as a "systemic single tax" [12][13]. - Single women face higher tax burdens due to the lack of benefits available to married individuals, and they receive lower pension benefits [12]. - By 2040, it is projected that 35% of women aged 65 and older will live alone, with a significantly higher poverty rate compared to their male counterparts [12]. Group 5: Conclusion and Future Outlook - The article emphasizes that while women in Japan have gained more choices, these freedoms come with increased risks and lack of support [15][16]. - A call for a social safety net that does not rely on marriage is highlighted as essential for ensuring that all individuals, regardless of marital status, have security in times of need [16].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the changing dynamics of women's lives in Japan, highlighting the increasing number of women living independently without marriage, and the socio-economic factors influencing these choices [2][3][4]. Group 1: Societal Changes and Women's Choices - The drama "The Two in the Residential Area" reflects the lives of two single women in their 50s, showcasing the warmth of their friendship amidst societal neglect of their realities [1][2]. - The long-term economic stagnation in Japan has led to a significant rise in the lifetime unmarried rate for women, projected to reach nearly 30% by 2035 [3]. - Many women view marriage as a potential risk rather than a safety net due to pressures from the job market and changing gender roles [5][10]. Group 2: Employment and Economic Factors - The employment landscape for women has shifted dramatically since the 1990s, with many being pushed into non-regular employment, resulting in lower wages and job security [6][7]. - The average monthly salary for women in non-regular positions is about 60% of that of regular employees, contributing to a precarious financial situation [7]. - The fear of job loss has led to a new survival strategy among women, where they are hesitant to leave their jobs even for marriage [8]. Group 3: Marriage and Family Dynamics - Traditional gender roles have been disrupted, making marriage less economically viable for women, as male incomes have stagnated or declined [10][11]. - Women are increasingly burdened with both professional and domestic responsibilities, leading to a "double shift" that diminishes the appeal of marriage [12][13]. - The reform of divorce laws has made it easier for women to leave unsatisfactory marriages, but the economic consequences of single parenthood remain severe [14][15]. Group 4: Systemic Issues and Social Support - Japan's welfare system primarily supports families, leaving single women at a disadvantage, often referred to as a "systemic single tax" [16][17]. - The projected increase in elderly single women living alone raises concerns about their financial security and access to social support [18][19]. - The article emphasizes the need for a social safety net that does not rely on marital status, advocating for a system that supports all individuals regardless of their family structure [24][25].