Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi [4] - The 2025 Nobel Prizes in the three scientific categories have been announced, with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and 坂口志文 for their discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [6] Group 1: Historical Context - The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 116 times since its inception in 1901, with Jacobus van 't Hoff being the first recipient for his work on chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure [3] - John Goodenough is noted as the oldest laureate at 97 years old when he received the award in 2019 for his research on lithium batteries, while Frédéric Joliot was the youngest at 35 years old when he won in 1935 for synthesizing new radioactive elements [3] Group 2: Notable Achievements - The Nobel Prize website highlights three significant achievements in chemistry that have changed human life: - The mapping of molecular structures by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, which facilitated the production of penicillin, awarded in 1964 [11] - The discovery of how plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by Melvin Calvin, awarded in 1961 [11] - The directed evolution of enzymes by Frances Arnold, which has applications in environmentally friendly chemical manufacturing, awarded in 2018 [12] Group 3: Recent Winners - The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2024 was awarded to David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper for their contributions to protein design and structure prediction [16] - The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Aleksey Yekimov for their discovery and synthesis of quantum dots [17] - The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan for their development of asymmetric organic catalysis [20] - The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna for their development of a genome editing method [23] - The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and 吉野彰 for their development of lithium-ion batteries [26] - The 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith, and Sir Gregory P. Winter for their contributions to enzyme directed evolution and phage display technology [28]

Core Viewpoint - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three American scientists: John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis for their discoveries related to macroscopic quantum tunneling effects and energy quantization in circuits [2][4]. Recent Nobel Prize Winners in Physics - In 2024, John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton were recognized for their foundational discoveries and inventions in machine learning using artificial neural networks [7]. - In 2023, Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L'Huillier were awarded for their contributions to generating attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics in matter [11]. - The 2022 prize went to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for their work on entangled photons and quantum information science [14]. - In 2021, Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, and Giorgio Parisi were honored for their pioneering contributions to understanding complex physical systems [15]. - The 2020 prize was split between Roger Penrose for proving black hole formation and Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering supermassive dense objects at the center of the Milky Way [18]. Notable Chinese Nobel Prize Winners in Physics - In 1956, Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee were awarded for their proposal of parity violation [22]. - In 1976, Samuel Ting received the prize for discovering the J particle [23]. - In 1997, Steven Chu was recognized for his invention of methods for cooling and trapping atoms with lasers [24]. - In 1998, Robert C. Richardson was awarded for explaining the phenomenon of electronic quantum fluids [25]. - In 2009, Charles K. Kao was honored for breakthroughs in optical communication through fiber optics [26].