Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in synthetic biology, particularly focusing on optimizing yeast metabolism for carbon conservation and fixation, which is crucial for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving sustainable chemical production [3][4][5]. Summary by Sections 1. Introduction to Carbon Emissions and Synthetic Biology - The increasing use of fossil resources is leading to higher CO2 emissions, raising global concerns about climate change and the urgent need for alternative solutions to achieve carbon neutrality [4]. - Synthetic biology enables the use of inexpensive substrates, such as lignocellulose, for chemical production, thereby reducing reliance on fossil resources [4]. 2. Yeast as a Platform for Biomanufacturing - Yeast is highlighted as a robust microbial chassis for industrial biomanufacturing, capable of producing various compounds like terpenes and fatty acids [5]. - The complexity of yeast metabolism often results in unavoidable CO2 release during chemical synthesis, primarily through glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle [5][6]. 3. Carbon Conservation Systems in Yeast - The article reviews recent advancements in constructing carbon conservation and fixation systems in yeast, focusing on avoiding unnecessary decarboxylation reactions to reduce carbon loss [6][8]. - Strategies include enhancing natural carboxylation reactions to promote carbon conservation, with specific examples of engineered yeast strains achieving significant improvements in product yields [8][11]. 4. Engineering Strategies and Results - Various engineering strategies are discussed, such as the non-oxidative glycolysis (NOG) pathway, which has been successfully implemented in yeast to improve carbon efficiency and product yields [10][11]. - Specific results include a 25% increase in β-farnesene yield and an 80% increase in β-carotene production through metabolic engineering [11][12]. 5. Future Directions in Low-Carbon Yeast Cell Factories - The future of biomanufacturing involves constructing low-carbon yeast cell factories that can recycle CO2 released during production and potentially utilize CO2 directly as a substrate for product synthesis [19][20]. - The article outlines the integration of carbon fixation pathways, such as the Calvin cycle and reductive glycine pathways, into yeast to enhance CO2 utilization [19][21]. 6. Conclusion - The advancements in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering present promising opportunities for developing sustainable biomanufacturing processes that significantly reduce carbon emissions and enhance product yields [3][4][5].