"21 世纪关键技术 " 关注科技未来发展趋势，研究 21 世纪前沿科技关键技术的需求，和影响。将不定期推荐和发布世界 范围重要关键技术研究进展和未来趋势研究。 材料科学领域，"以可预测功能设计材料"和"先进制造与工业生产力重塑"两项挑战尤为引人关注。前 者明确提出，借助AI将新材料从概念到商业化的开发周期从数十年压缩至数月，这对电池、能源存 储、结构材料等领域具有颠覆性意义。后者则聚焦于弥合科学发现与商业化产品之间的"死亡之谷"， 利用生成式AI和智能体AI构建全流程数字孪生制造系统，并将实时数据从机器、产品、工艺和供应链 整合进一个连贯决策框架。 国家安全领域是这份文件中着墨最重的部分之一，涉及挑战数量多达7项，包括"加速战略威慑材料发 现与资质认定"、"整合核威慑设计与生产运营"、"核材料防扩散保护"、"核威胁评估加速"、"核研究历 史数据数字化"和"核辐射特征归因强化威慑"等。这些挑战的共同指向是：利用AI加速美国核武器现代 化进程，同时降低对人工干预的依赖、压缩从设计到生产的周期。其中，"核清理与修复转型"一项尤 为迫切，文件直接指出，能源部面临约5400亿美元、横跨八十年的核废料处理责任，目前约9 ...

Group 1 - The State Council's recent opinion emphasizes the importance of "AI + Science and Technology" as a top priority, indicating a strategic shift to leverage AI for scientific breakthroughs and societal development [1][3] - The concept of "scientific paradigm" is introduced, highlighting how AI is becoming a new paradigm in scientific research, akin to previous shifts from experimental methods to data-driven approaches [4][10] - AI is seen as a powerful tool that enhances research capabilities, enabling scientists to tackle previously insurmountable challenges, such as protein structure prediction [4][6] Group 2 - AI's integration into scientific research is already widespread, particularly in literature review and knowledge synthesis, significantly improving efficiency [5][10] - The development of "scientific large models" is crucial, which are designed to understand and analyze complex scientific data, thus acting as advanced research tools [7][8] - The current stage of scientific large model development faces challenges related to data quality and accessibility, but there is a significant opportunity in leveraging the country's educational resources for data annotation [8][9] Group 3 - AI is breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, allowing for interdisciplinary research that focuses on problem-solving rather than adhering to specific academic fields [10][11] - The rise of AI is prompting a reevaluation of philosophical and social science research methodologies, expanding the scope of inquiry to include the societal impacts of AI [11][12] - Future scientific research is expected to be transformed by AI, enabling young scientists to focus more on innovation rather than repetitive tasks, thus enhancing their productivity [13][14]