Core Insights - The article discusses the evolution of end-to-end autonomous driving technology, highlighting the shift from horizontal to vertical end-to-end systems as a new industry focus [2][3] - It emphasizes the importance of vertical end-to-end control for achieving human-like driving efficiency, particularly in speed and braking control [4][16] Group 1: Importance of Vertical End-to-End Control - Vertical end-to-end control is essential for achieving smooth acceleration and deceleration, which is a key differentiator between novice and experienced drivers [3][4] - The article defines "defensive deceleration" as the ability to adjust speed based on necessity and prediction, balancing safety and efficiency [4][12] - Current autonomous systems often prioritize navigation efficiency over vertical control, making it challenging to implement effective speed adjustments [15][16] Group 2: Challenges in Achieving Vertical End-to-End Control - Many autonomous driving systems have successfully implemented horizontal end-to-end control, but vertical control remains a significant challenge [13][16] - The noise in human driving data complicates the learning process for autonomous systems, making it difficult to distinguish meaningful speed control from random fluctuations [16][17] - Solutions to improve vertical control include data cleaning, causal reasoning, and reinforcement learning, which are being explored by leading autonomous driving teams [17]