Core Viewpoint - The research indicates that black phosphorus nanosheets (BPP) can enhance mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in tumor cells, potentially improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes [2][3][5][7]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study developed PEG-modified black phosphorus nanosheets (BPP) that metabolize into phosphates within tumor cells, promoting OXPHOS and improving cancer immunotherapy effectiveness [3][5]. - BPP regulates multiple signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of pro-survival genes, and reduces PD-L1 protein levels in melanoma cells, thereby suppressing cancer progression [5]. - BPP enhances immune regulation by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in serum, elevating CD8+ T cell levels in tumors and lymph nodes, and decreasing regulatory T cell (Treg) levels [5]. Group 2: Implications for Cancer Treatment - The research suggests that BPP may serve as a dual-function drug, combining tumor chemotherapy and immune enhancement capabilities [7].