Core Viewpoint - The research indicates that black phosphorus nanosheets (BPP) can enhance mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in tumor cells, potentially improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes [2][3][5][7]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study developed PEG-modified black phosphorus nanosheets (BPP) that metabolize into phosphates within tumor cells, promoting OXPHOS and improving cancer immunotherapy effectiveness [3][5]. - BPP regulates multiple signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of pro-survival genes, and reduces PD-L1 protein levels in melanoma cells, thereby suppressing cancer progression [5]. - BPP enhances immune regulation by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in serum, elevating CD8+ T cell levels in tumors and lymph nodes, and decreasing regulatory T cell (Treg) levels [5]. Group 2: Implications for Cancer Treatment - The research suggests that BPP may serve as a dual-function drug, combining tumor chemotherapy and immune enhancement capabilities [7].

Core Viewpoint - Recent studies reveal that taurine, a common ingredient in energy drinks, plays a significant role in leukemia progression by driving glycolysis in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting caution in its supplementation for leukemia patients [2][9]. Group 1: Taurine's Role in Leukemia - A study from the University of Rochester indicates that taurine from the tumor niche promotes glycolysis, facilitating leukemia development [2]. - The research utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to identify molecular interactions between the bone marrow microenvironment and leukemia stem cells (LSC), highlighting the importance of these interactions in leukemia progression [5]. - Taurine biosynthesis driven by cysteine dioxygenase-1 (CDO1) is limited to osteoblast lineage cells and increases during myeloid disease progression, with LSC relying on taurine transport proteins for their growth [5][6]. Group 2: Implications for Treatment - Inhibition of taurine transport proteins significantly suppresses the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mouse models and human patient-derived cells [6]. - Elevated expression of taurine transport proteins in venetoclax-resistant AML patients suggests a potential therapeutic target, as inhibiting these proteins can enhance the efficacy of existing treatments [6]. - The study indicates that taurine uptake deficiency reduces leukemia stem cell capabilities by inhibiting mTOR activation and downstream glycolysis [6]. Group 3: Broader Research Context - Other studies have linked taurine deficiency to aging and its potential to extend healthspan in various organisms, indicating its multifaceted role in health and disease [9][11]. - Research has shown that taurine supplementation can reactivate exhausted CD8+ T cells, enhancing cancer treatment outcomes, further complicating the narrative around taurine's role in cancer [11]. - The discovery of a novel N-acetyltaurine hydrolase (PTER) suggests new avenues for obesity treatment, indicating taurine's relevance beyond oncology [14].