Core Viewpoint - The research published by Professor Yang Chonglin's team from Yunnan University reveals that the mitochondria-associated condensates (MATO) formed by the RNA-binding protein LARP-1 through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) play a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting lifespan extension [3][5]. Group 1 - The study demonstrates that MATO mediates the local synthesis of proteins necessary for maintaining mitochondrial structure and function [5]. - In Caenorhabditis elegans, LARP-1 coordinates the translation mechanism and the fusion of various RNA-binding proteins to form MATO, which is dependent on the mitochondrial outer membrane complex transport enzyme [5]. - A deficiency in LARP-1 significantly reduces mitochondrial protein levels, disrupts the organization of mitochondrial cristae, and affects ATP production [5]. Group 2 - The research identifies that the synthesis of MICOS subunit IMMT-1 (MIC60) and ATP synthase β subunit ATP-2, which are critical for mitochondrial cristae organization, is decreased in LARP-1 deficient worms [5]. - During aging and starvation, LARP-1 MATO dissociates from the mitochondria; however, its persistent presence in mitochondria can protect mitochondrial health and greatly extend lifespan [5][7].