撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 裸鼹鼠 （ Heterocephalus glaber ） 是一种寿命极长的啮齿类动物，其 寿命可达 30-40 年，是同体型啮齿动物 （例如小鼠） 寿命的 10 倍以上。 一直以来， 裸鼹鼠 因为其 长寿 和 抵抗衰老相关疾病 （包括 癌症 、 心血管疾病 、 神经退行性疾病 ） 的强大能力而备受科学界关注。 尽管人们认为其超长寿 命是由影响多种生物过程的多种适应性变化共同作用的结果，但保护裸鼹鼠免受基因组不稳定 （衰老的主要标志） 影响的分子机制，目前仍不清楚。 DNA 修复 是维持基因组稳定的关键机制。早在 2018 年，同济大学 戈宝学 、 毛志勇 合作团队在 Nature 期刊发表论文，发现在人类细胞中，DNA 传感器 cGAS 通过抑制同源重组 （HR） 途径参与调控 DNA 双链断裂的修复，从而 促进基因组不稳定 。尽管 DNA 修复蛋白功能的增强有助于长寿的进化，但进化是 否选择减弱诸如 cGAS 这样的负调控因子，仍不得而知。 裸鼹鼠 在这项发表于 Science 期刊的最新研究中，研究团队发现，与人类及小鼠的 cGAS 相比， 裸鼹鼠的 cGAS 增 ...

Core Viewpoint - Recent research from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute reveals that changes in lysosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans (a type of nematode) that extend parental lifespan can be transmitted to offspring, resulting in increased longevity without altering DNA sequences [1] Group 1: Research Findings - Lysosomes, previously considered as cellular "recycling centers," are now shown to influence lifespan through epigenetic mechanisms, specifically chemical markers that regulate gene expression [1] - The study indicates that lifespan-extending changes in somatic cells can be passed to germ cells via histone modifications, allowing offspring to inherit longevity advantages [1] - Overexpression of a specific enzyme in the lysosomes of nematodes led to a 60% increase in lifespan, and even unmodified offspring exhibited extended lifespans, demonstrating the transgenerational effect [1] Group 2: Mechanism of Transmission - The transgenerational transmission of lifespan extension relies on histones, with lysosomal changes activating cellular processes that increase specific histone variants [1] - These histones are transported from somatic cells to germ cells via nutrient transport proteins, allowing the lysosomal information to be modified and passed on to subsequent generations [1]

Core Viewpoint - The research introduces a revolutionary toolset of time-resolved fluorescent proteins (tr-FP) that expands the application of fluorescent microscopy in both temporal and spectral domains, providing a new solution for integrating system complexity and quantitative accuracy in biological research [4][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study reports a series of time-resolved fluorescent proteins (tr-FP) with rationally tunable lifetimes, developed without affecting the spectral properties of the fluorescent proteins [5]. - These tr-FPs enable temporal-spectral resolved microscopy, achieving simultaneous imaging of nine different proteins in live cells and correlating various cellular activities with the cell cycle [5]. - The tr-FPs facilitate multiplexing super-resolution microscopy, allowing the visualization of four proteins simultaneously and enabling quantitative studies in cellular proteomics [5][7]. Group 2: Technical Advancements - The research demonstrates that mutations can alter the non-radiative decay of tr-FPs, which span the visible spectrum and possess a wide range of fluorescence lifetimes suitable for microscopy [7]. - The tr-FPs support advanced imaging techniques such as STED-FLIM (Stimulated Emission Depletion Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) and protein chemometrics for quantitative analysis [7].

Core Viewpoint - The research published by Professor Yang Chonglin's team from Yunnan University reveals that the mitochondria-associated condensates (MATO) formed by the RNA-binding protein LARP-1 through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) play a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting lifespan extension [3][5]. Group 1 - The study demonstrates that MATO mediates the local synthesis of proteins necessary for maintaining mitochondrial structure and function [5]. - In Caenorhabditis elegans, LARP-1 coordinates the translation mechanism and the fusion of various RNA-binding proteins to form MATO, which is dependent on the mitochondrial outer membrane complex transport enzyme [5]. - A deficiency in LARP-1 significantly reduces mitochondrial protein levels, disrupts the organization of mitochondrial cristae, and affects ATP production [5]. Group 2 - The research identifies that the synthesis of MICOS subunit IMMT-1 (MIC60) and ATP synthase β subunit ATP-2, which are critical for mitochondrial cristae organization, is decreased in LARP-1 deficient worms [5]. - During aging and starvation, LARP-1 MATO dissociates from the mitochondria; however, its persistent presence in mitochondria can protect mitochondrial health and greatly extend lifespan [5][7].

Group 1 - The article highlights seven research papers published in the prestigious journal Cell during the week of September 1 to September 7, 2025, with four of them authored by Chinese scholars [3] - The first study discusses a newly discovered gene SCREP that drives the diversification of rose scent, revealing a multi-step process of its origin and its role in inhibiting the synthesis of the key aromatic compound eugenol [5][8] - The second study presents a breakthrough in the reprogramming of microspore fate, establishing a new technique for efficient in vivo haploid induction without stress treatment, highlighting the roles of the transcription factors BBM and BAR1 [10][12][13] Group 2 - The third study uncovers how cancer cells hijack iron-rich macrophages to promote bone metastasis and anemia, providing insights into potential therapies to mitigate these conditions [15][18] - The fourth study introduces a high-throughput, high-precision single-cell DNA and RNA multi-omics technology called wellDR-seq, which decodes the mechanisms of breast cancer progression by integrating single-cell genomes and transcriptomes [20][23]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses various methods for weight loss, including low-carb diets, intermittent fasting, weight loss surgeries, and medications like semaglutide, highlighting the increasing interest in these approaches for achieving weight loss goals [6]. Research Findings - Recent studies indicate that reducing food intake can positively impact health and aging in both animal models and humans. A new study published in the journal "Science" suggests that the sensation of hunger alone can slow aging, opening new avenues in the field of anti-aging [7][8]. - A study from the University of Michigan published in May 2023 found that inducing a state of hunger in fruit flies, either through dietary restriction or brain stimulation, resulted in increased lifespan. This suggests that hunger triggers epigenetic changes in the brain that regulate gene expression, influencing eating behavior and aging processes [7][8]. - The research distinguishes the effects of dietary restriction from nutritional interventions, indicating that the mere perception of hunger can lead to longevity benefits [8]. Mechanisms of Hunger and Longevity - Further investigations revealed that changes in neuronal activity related to foraging might be key to extending lifespan. For instance, a low branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) diet induced hunger in fruit flies, leading to increased food intake but also significantly extending their lifespan [11]. - The study employed optogenetics to activate neurons controlling hunger, confirming that inducing hunger sensations, regardless of food intake, can enhance lifespan. The findings suggest that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in this process, with hunger perception enhancing foraging behavior and potentially lowering the threshold for hunger over time, contributing to aging delay [13].

Core Findings - Inner Mongolia University announced significant research findings published in major journals (CNS) regarding unique metabolic changes in maternal liver during pregnancy and lactation [1][3] - The study demonstrated that despite genetic differences, both mice and sheep exhibited highly consistent metabolic adaptation patterns in the liver during pregnancy and lactation, indicating a universal mechanism among mammals [1] Industry Implications - The research places liver function within the broader context of reproductive system studies, providing a new model for exploring organ adaptability and plasticity [3] - It suggests that metabolic imbalances during pregnancy, restricted fetal development, or insufficient postpartum milk supply may be linked to inadequate liver regulation, offering new directions for disease prevention and treatment [3] - In the livestock industry, this research promotes a shift from traditional breeding practices to precise molecular and metabolic regulation, establishing a scientific foundation for "molecular animal husbandry" and marking a new era of precision development in grassland livestock [3] - In the dairy and nutrition sectors, regulating key metabolic factors could improve the nutritional structure of milk, enhance its health value, and help reduce production costs in animal husbandry [3]

Core Viewpoint - The current pathogen surveillance system primarily focuses on livestock and companion animals, neglecting non-traditional livestock and wild mammals, which poses a risk for cross-species transmission of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes [2][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in the journal Cell identified a significant number of unrecorded viruses and bacteria in asymptomatic mammals, revealing extensive cross-species transmission [3][4]. - The research analyzed samples from 973 asymptomatic mammals, identifying 128 virus species (30 of which are newly discovered), 10,255 bacterial species (over 7,000 previously uncharacterized), 201 fungi, and 7 parasites [4][6]. - The study found that 13.3% of virus species coexisted in both farmed and wild mammals, including canine coronavirus in Asian black bears and Getah virus in rabbits [4][6]. Group 2: Antibiotic Resistance Insights - The research team observed 157 clinically significant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the microbiomes of farmed and wild mammals, with over 99% homology to ARGs found in human microbiomes [4][6]. - The presence of mobile genetic elements (MGE) alongside ARGs suggests a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance in animal microbiomes, which could accelerate cross-species transmission due to antibiotic misuse [6][7]. Group 3: Implications for Public Health - The findings indicate that asymptomatic animals may serve as potential hosts for novel zoonotic viruses, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes at the "animal-environment-human" interface [6][7].

Core Insights - The article discusses the significant advancements in the understanding of migrasomes, a newly discovered organelle, over the past decade, highlighting their biological roles and implications in various diseases [2][3]. Summary by Sections Discovery and Characteristics of Migrasomes - In 2015, a team led by Professor Yu Li at Tsinghua University identified migrasomes in NRK cells, which are large membrane-bound structures resembling open pomegranates, crucial for cell migration [5]. - Migrasomes contain numerous internal vesicles and are rich in specific proteins, indicating their complex structure and dual role as both secretion hubs and extracellular vesicles [5][6]. Mechanisms of Biogenesis - The biogenesis of migrasomes occurs in three stages: nucleation triggered by SMS2 spots, maturation coordinated by the PIP5K1α-Rab35-integrin signaling axis, and expansion facilitated by the formation of a specialized microdomain [13]. Physiological Functions - Migrasomes participate in various physiological processes, including local secretion of signaling molecules, targeted protein and RNA transfer between adjacent cells, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis under stress [18]. Challenges in Research - Current methods for detecting and analyzing migrasomes are limited, necessitating advancements in microscopy and the development of reliable animal models for accurate labeling [19][20]. - Fundamental questions regarding the cellular origin, abundance, distribution, and dynamics of migrasomes remain unanswered, indicating a need for collaborative research efforts [21]. Implications in Disease - Migrasomes are believed to play significant roles in various diseases, particularly in immune-related conditions, suggesting potential avenues for further research [24]. - The therapeutic potential of migrasomes is highlighted, as they could serve as diagnostic tools or delivery vehicles for treatments, marking a transformative shift in the field [24].

Core Viewpoint - The study reveals that the oligomerization of Shank3 regulates the material properties of postsynaptic density (PSD) condensates, which are crucial for synaptic plasticity and neuronal functions related to learning and memory [3][5][7]. Summary by Sections - The research team from Southern University of Science and Technology published findings indicating that PSD condensates exhibit soft-glass-like properties, with Shank3 protein oligomerization playing a key role in governing these material characteristics [3][5]. - The study found that the reconstructed PSD condensates formed a soft-glass material without signs of irreversible amyloid-like structures. This glass-like formation relies on specific, multivalent interactions among scaffold proteins, which mediate the network flow of PSD proteins [4]. - Disruption of Shank3's SAM domain-mediated oligomerization, observed in patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome, leads to a softening of PSD condensates, impairing synaptic transmission and plasticity, and resulting in autism-like behaviors in mice [4][5]. - Overall, the research emphasizes the importance of the material properties of PSD condensates in neuronal synaptic functions related to learning and memory [7].