Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes that energy is the fundamental structure shaping civilization and geopolitics, with a focus on the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the 21st century [1][4][9]. Energy Transition and Its Implications - The 19th century was dominated by coal, which established Britain's global manufacturing supremacy [2]. - The 20th century saw oil as the key resource, enabling the United States to maintain its position as the world's leading economy through extensive use and control of fossil fuels [3]. - The article raises questions about how renewable energy will reshape the world both materially and geopolitically in the 21st century [4][6]. Renewable Energy Developments - The transition to renewable energy is characterized by a fundamental shift in energy production models from centralized to distributed systems, allowing households to generate power [11][12]. - Smart grids will replace traditional grids, creating a new "energy internet" and redefining energy infrastructure [13]. - The manufacturing ecosystem will undergo a complete transformation, with industries moving towards electrification and new production cost structures emerging [14][19]. Geopolitical Shifts - The article discusses the potential weakening of the petrodollar system as renewable energy transactions may bypass dollar settlements, impacting traditional energy-exporting nations [24][25]. - China is positioned as a leader in the renewable energy supply chain, controlling over 70% of global photovoltaic capacity and 60% of wind power capacity, which could lead to a shift in geopolitical power dynamics [26]. - The competition for setting new energy standards, similar to the 5G standard battle, will have significant implications for global influence [27]. Conclusion - The article concludes that the 21st century is moving away from fossil fuels, and the ability to dominate the renewable energy landscape will shape global power structures for the foreseeable future [28].