美国论调在 "共同遗产与价值观" 和 "共同利益" 之间反复摇摆，欧洲人不禁疑惑：他们还剩下怎样的同 盟关系？ 作者：史蒂文・厄兰格、戴维・E・桑格 短短一年间，欧洲领导人已经听到了三种关于特朗普政府如何重新定义美欧盟友关系的表述。 三种说法语气各不相同，但目标一致：推动欧洲进入一个新时代 —— 美国对其防卫承诺将面临新的限 制。 第一场是副总统万斯去年的发言：他猛烈抨击欧式民主，声称移民浪潮与欧洲对极右翼政党的限制，比 俄罗斯的军事行动对欧洲大陆威胁更大。 第二场是国务卿卢比奥本周六更易被接受的版本。他描绘了欧美之间一段模糊、有时被理想化的共同文 化历史，声称双方若不能控制边境，都将面临 "文明消亡"。 而在同一场会议上，出席的最高级别防务官员、负责政策的国防部副部长科尔比，则给出了典型的美式 国家安全论调：强调共同利益，而非价值观，建议双方聚焦 "实实在在的具体事务"。 如果欧洲人听得一头雾水，那完全可以理解。 万斯与卢比奥很可能在 2028 年成为总统竞选对手 —— 或是竞选搭档。因此，他们对美国角色与盟友使 命的表述，很大程度也是说给国内听众听的。他们清楚，自己的每一句话都会被 "让美国再次伟大" 的 ...

卢比奥2月14日早些时候在慕尼黑安全会议上发表了讲话，赢得了热烈掌声。相比一年前美国副总统JD· 万斯在同一场合发表的咄咄逼人的讲话，卢比奥的语气要温和得多。 美国国务卿卢比奥接受采访称，欧洲领导人必须回归他们与美国共同的传统和价值观，同时他也寻求让 盟友们相信华盛顿对欧洲大陆的承诺。 "我们希望欧洲繁荣，因为我们在很多方面紧密相连，也因为我们的联盟至关重要，"卢比奥告诉彭博新 闻社总编辑John Micklethwait。"但组成这个联盟的盟友必须有能力、有意愿为自己的身份和重要的东西 而战。" "是什么将我们联系在一起？它归根结底是这个事实：我们都是同一文明的继承者，而且这是一个伟大 的文明，"他说。"一个我们应该感到自豪的文明。" "这个联盟必须有所改变，"卢比奥对彭博表示。"当我们对欧洲未能作出、或已经作出的某些决定而着 急甚至提出批评时，那是因为我们在乎。" 他称，特朗普决定向中东派遣第二艘航空母舰，是想确保伊朗不会"对我们采取行动，从而引发事态升 级"，并拒绝说明美国是否正在对该政权失去耐心。 这位美国最高外交官传递出了"双刃剑"式的信息：一方面，他强调美国与西欧共有的安全与文化纽带 —— 从米开 ...

Group 1 - The article presents a list of new books available for reading, highlighting various titles across different genres [2][3] - Notable titles include "Education," "They Went to Space," "Dunhuang at First Sight," and "The Tea Empire of 3000 Years" [5][7][11][16] - Each book is accompanied by a brief description, emphasizing its thematic focus and significance [5][7][11][16][18] Group 2 - "Education" explores the tradition and ideals of Greek culture, focusing on the historical process of character formation and the construction of the ideal personality [5] - "They Went to Space" documents the experiences of NASA's first female astronauts, detailing their challenges and achievements in a male-dominated field [7][8] - "Dunhuang at First Sight" showcases the restoration of Dunhuang murals, highlighting their artistic and cultural value through detailed explanations [11] - "The Tea Empire of 3000 Years" discusses the historical impact of tea as a strategic commodity and its role in international relations [16] - "The King of Loose Monetary Policy" examines the effects of quantitative easing on the U.S. economy and the widening income gap [18][19]

Core Argument - Georgios Varouxakis' new book "The West: The History of an Idea" offers a groundbreaking interpretation of the origins of the concept of "the West," challenging the prevailing academic consensus that it emerged in the late 19th century as a tool for promoting imperialism and racism [2][5][7]. Group 1: Historical Context and Evolution of the Concept - The term "the West" is often mistakenly viewed as a timeless concept dating back to ancient Greece, but Varouxakis argues that its self-identification began in the late 19th century, specifically in the 1880s and 1890s, to promote imperialism and white supremacy [5][7]. - Varouxakis highlights that earlier uses of "the West" can be traced back to the early 19th century, particularly through the works of Auguste Comte, who envisioned a "Western Republic" as a cultural and civilizational entity [7][8]. - The need for a distinct term arose from the desire to differentiate Western Europe from Russia, which was perceived as a significant threat after the Napoleonic Wars [8][9]. Group 2: Comte's Influence and Ideological Implications - Comte's writings initially focused on "Europe," but he later shifted to using "the West" to better represent a specific cultural community, distancing it from the broader geographical implications of "Europe" [11][12]. - Varouxakis emphasizes Comte's strong anti-imperialist stance, arguing that his vision for "the West" was not aligned with imperialism but rather aimed at promoting a peaceful, altruistic community [13][14]. - The concept of "the West" was intended to foster a sense of unity among Western nations while advocating for the independence of colonies and the abolition of empires [13][14]. Group 3: The Role of Other Thinkers and Global Perspectives - Varouxakis discusses various thinkers, including Francis Lieber, who contributed to the evolution of the concept of "the West" in the 19th century, particularly in the context of American political thought [16][17]. - The book also examines the contributions of non-Western thinkers, such as Rabindranath Tagore, who engaged in discussions about nationalism and the West during the early 20th century [18][19]. - Varouxakis argues that the historical understanding of "the West" is complex and multifaceted, shaped by various cultural, political, and ideological influences over time [24][27]. Group 4: Methodological Approach - The author employs a genealogical approach to trace the historical evolution of the concept of "the West," emphasizing the importance of understanding its various interpretations and uses throughout history [25][26]. - Varouxakis critiques the notion of a singular "Western value system," arguing that many values attributed to the West have origins in other cultures and should not be viewed as exclusive to the West [30][31]. - The book aims to clarify the historical context and potential future meanings of "the West," highlighting its adaptability and relevance in contemporary discussions [28][29].