Valuation Methods - The article discusses various methods sell-side analysts use to determine a company's "fair" value, highlighting the DCF method as complex and prone to biases such as overconfidence and anchoring [1] - The multiples approach is noted for its simplicity but relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced, which historical data often contradicts [1] - Reverse valuation is introduced as a method that starts from market price and discount rate to uncover the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to ascertain what truly belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE, while ignoring working capital and debt changes [1] - The analysis emphasizes three critical numbers: earnings, amortization, and investments, which are essential for accurate valuation [1] Forecasting and Discounting - The H-model is applied for forecasts, featuring a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate, specifically the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity formula: RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear and noise-free valuation of the business [1]

Core Insights - Parker-Hannifin Corporation is approaching its largest M&A deal in history, which is expected to enhance investor satisfaction due to strong momentum in the company [1] Valuation Methods - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation, each with its own strengths and weaknesses [1] - The DCF method requires precise assumptions and can introduce biases, while the multiples approach relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced, which is often not the case [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, working backward to reveal the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - The Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to determine what belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE, ignoring working capital and debt changes [1] - The analysis focuses on three key numbers: earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Approach - The H-model is applied for forecasts, which includes a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth equal to the risk-free rate, specifically the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear picture of the business's true worth [1]

Core Insights - L'Oréal S.A. is increasing its stake in Galderma Group AG from 10% to 20% [1] Valuation Methods - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation [1] - The DCF method requires precise assumptions and can introduce biases, while the multiples approach relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate to uncover the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to assess what belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost [1] - The analysis disregards working capital and debt changes, focusing on three key figures: earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Methodology - The H-model is applied for forecasts, featuring a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate, represented by the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear valuation of the business [1]

Core Insights - Mondelez International, Inc. has successfully passed severe cost inflation onto customers, demonstrating its competitive advantage in the market [1] Valuation Methods - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation [1] - The DCF method requires precise assumptions, which can introduce bias, while the multiples approach assumes peer companies are fairly priced, a notion often unsupported by historical data [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, revealing the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a straightforward reality check [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to assess what truly belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE [1] - The analysis disregards working capital and debt changes, focusing on core business metrics: earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Methodology - The H-model is applied for forecasts, featuring a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth equal to the risk-free rate, represented by the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear picture of the business's true worth [1]

Core Insights - Mondelez International, Inc. has successfully passed severe cost inflation onto customers, demonstrating its competitive advantage in the market [1] Valuation Methods - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation [1] - The DCF method requires precise assumptions, which can introduce bias, while the multiples approach assumes peer companies are fairly priced, a notion often unsupported by historical data [1] - Reverse valuation starts from market price and discount rate, revealing the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a direct reality check [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to assess what truly belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE [1] - The analysis disregards working capital and debt changes, focusing on core business metrics: earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Approach - The H-model is applied for forecasts, featuring a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth equal to the risk-free rate, represented by the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear picture of the business's true worth [1]

Core Insights - Colgate-Palmolive Company is often underestimated when viewed solely through its basic product offerings like toothpaste and body wash, but a deeper analysis reveals significant business dynamics [1] Valuation Methodology - Various methods exist for determining a company's fair value, with the DCF method being complex and prone to biases, while the multiples approach relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced, which is often not the case [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, working backward to uncover the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] - The Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to determine what belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE, ignoring working capital and debt changes for clarity [1] - Forecasts employ the H-model, which features a 10-year two-stage growth fade, with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate, specifically the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear and noise-free valuation of the business [1]

Core Insights - Netflix, Inc. is a well-recognized company with a long-standing presence in households [1] - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation [1] - The Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to assess what truly belongs to shareholders, focusing on earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Valuation Methods - The DCF method requires precise assumptions, which can lead to biases such as overconfidence and hindsight [1] - The multiples approach compares a company with its peers but assumes those peers are fairly priced, which is often not the case [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, revealing the free cash flow assumptions already incorporated into the price [1] FCFE Model - The FCFE model is defined as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost = FCFE, ignoring working capital and debt changes [1] - Forecasts utilize the H-model, which features a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth equal to the risk-free rate [1] - All cash flows are discounted by the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, providing a clear picture of the business's true worth [1]

Core Insights - A company experiencing a 90% drawdown over five years may not necessarily be due to management failures, indicating that external factors could be at play [1] - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's "fair" value, with some being more reliable than others [1] Valuation Methods - The DCF (Discounted Cash Flow) method requires precise assumptions, which can lead to biases such as overconfidence and anchoring [1] - The multiples approach, while seemingly simpler, relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced, which is often not the case historically [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, revealing the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to determine what belongs to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization - CAPEX - average acquisition cost = FCFE [1] - The analysis disregards working capital and debt changes, focusing on core business metrics [1] - Key components for valuation include earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Approach - The H-model is applied for forecasts, featuring a 10-year two-stage growth fade with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate, represented by the 10-year government bond yield [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear picture of the business's true worth [1]

Core Insights - The current market perception of company earnings may be overly pessimistic compared to the actual financial situation as indicated by earnings reports [1] - Various valuation methods exist, with the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model providing a clearer picture of shareholder value by focusing on earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Valuation Methods - The DCF method is complex and can introduce biases due to its reliance on numerous assumptions [1] - The multiples approach is simpler but assumes peer companies are fairly priced, which is often not the case [1] - Reverse valuation starts from market price and discount rate to uncover free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, offering a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] FCFE Model - The FCFE model calculates true shareholder value as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost [1] - Working capital and debt changes are excluded from this model as they are considered noise not related to core business operations [1] - The H-model is applied for forecasts, utilizing a two-stage growth fade over ten years with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate [1] Cash Flow Discounting - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP [1] - This approach results in a clear and noise-free valuation of the business [1]

Core Insights - The current market perception of company earnings may be overly pessimistic compared to the actual financial situation as indicated by deeper analysis of earnings reports [1] Valuation Methods - Various methods exist for sell-side analysts to determine a company's fair value, including DCF, multiples approach, and reverse valuation, each with its own strengths and weaknesses [1] - The DCF method requires precise assumptions, which can introduce bias, while the multiples approach relies on the assumption that peer companies are fairly priced, a notion that is often not supported by historical data [1] - Reverse valuation starts from the market price and discount rate, working backward to reveal the free cash flow assumptions embedded in the price, providing a more straightforward assessment of market beliefs [1] Free Cash Flow Analysis - A Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model is utilized to determine the actual value belonging to shareholders, calculated as Earnings + Amortization – CAPEX – average acquisition cost [1] - The analysis disregards working capital and debt changes, focusing instead on three key figures: earnings, amortization, and investments [1] Forecasting Approach - The H-model is applied for forecasts, which involves a 10-year two-stage growth fade, with terminal growth aligned to the risk-free rate, specifically the yield of 10-year government bonds [1] - All cash flows are discounted using the cost of equity, calculated as RFR × beta + 5% ERP, resulting in a clear and noise-free valuation of the business [1]