Group 1 - The formation of modern Chinese history as an independent academic discipline began in the 1930s, with universities like Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University offering courses on recent historical events [1] - After the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China, modern Chinese history became a required course in history departments across universities [1] Group 2 - In 1952, following departmental adjustments, Fudan University aligned its history curriculum with the Soviet model, dividing Chinese history into five segments, with the fifth segment covering the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement [2] - The first course on modern Chinese history was taught by Hu Shengwu in 1953, marking the official inclusion of modern history in the curriculum [2][3] - By 1955, the course was formally titled "Modern Chinese History," taught over two semesters with five class hours each [2] Group 3 - The teaching of modern history faced challenges during the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, leading to debates on the emphasis of modern versus ancient history [8][9] - The "thick now, thin ancient" approach sparked discussions on the teaching sequence, with some faculty members expressing concerns about the perceived inferiority of modern history [8][9] Group 4 - The political climate during the Cultural Revolution (1966) halted normal teaching activities, with a new curriculum focusing on the needs of the proletariat [17] - In 1970, the first cohort of workers and peasants entered Fudan University, and the curriculum was drastically altered to prioritize party history and modern Chinese history [17] Group 5 - After the Cultural Revolution, the late 1970s saw a revival of modern Chinese history courses, with a renewed focus on comprehensive history education [23][24] - The establishment of specialized elective courses in modern Chinese history reflected the faculty's enthusiasm and research interests, leading to a more systematic curriculum [24][29] Group 6 - The development of modern Chinese history at Fudan University was influenced by political trends, with the curriculum often reflecting the prevailing political ideologies [28] - The establishment of research directions, such as the study of the Xinhai Revolution and the Wang Jingwei regime, was driven by the availability of local historical materials and collaboration with other academic institutions [30]