Group 1 - The formation of modern Chinese history as an independent academic discipline began in the 1930s, with universities like Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University offering courses on recent historical events [1] - After the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China, modern Chinese history became a required course in history departments across universities [1] Group 2 - In 1952, following departmental adjustments, Fudan University aligned its history curriculum with the Soviet model, dividing Chinese history into five segments, with the fifth segment covering the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement [2] - The first course on modern Chinese history was taught by Hu Shengwu in 1953, marking the official inclusion of modern history in the curriculum [2][3] - By 1955, the course was formally titled "Modern Chinese History," taught over two semesters with five class hours each [2] Group 3 - The teaching of modern history faced challenges during the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, leading to debates on the emphasis of modern versus ancient history [8][9] - The "thick now, thin ancient" approach sparked discussions on the teaching sequence, with some faculty members expressing concerns about the perceived inferiority of modern history [8][9] Group 4 - The political climate during the Cultural Revolution (1966) halted normal teaching activities, with a new curriculum focusing on the needs of the proletariat [17] - In 1970, the first cohort of workers and peasants entered Fudan University, and the curriculum was drastically altered to prioritize party history and modern Chinese history [17] Group 5 - After the Cultural Revolution, the late 1970s saw a revival of modern Chinese history courses, with a renewed focus on comprehensive history education [23][24] - The establishment of specialized elective courses in modern Chinese history reflected the faculty's enthusiasm and research interests, leading to a more systematic curriculum [24][29] Group 6 - The development of modern Chinese history at Fudan University was influenced by political trends, with the curriculum often reflecting the prevailing political ideologies [28] - The establishment of research directions, such as the study of the Xinhai Revolution and the Wang Jingwei regime, was driven by the availability of local historical materials and collaboration with other academic institutions [30]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the importance of historical understanding in guiding future actions under the leadership of the Communist Party of China [1] - It calls for adherence to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and other significant ideological frameworks to ensure the advancement of socialism with Chinese characteristics [1] - The message highlights the need for unity and collective effort among all ethnic groups in China to achieve national rejuvenation and modernization [1]

Core Viewpoint - The exhibition "The Pillar of Strength - Archives of the Chinese Communist Party during the Anti-Japanese War" highlights the pivotal role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in leading the Chinese people to victory during the Anti-Japanese War, marking the 80th anniversary of this victory [3][4]. Group 1: Exhibition Overview - The exhibition, co-hosted by the National Archives and the CCP History Exhibition Hall, features over 340 valuable historical documents across eight units [3]. - It aims to showcase the CCP's leadership and contributions during the 14 years of the Anti-Japanese War, emphasizing its role as the backbone of national resistance [3][4]. Group 2: Key Insights from the Exhibition - The CCP is recognized as the core force in the struggle for national independence and liberation, serving as the vanguard in the fight against Japanese aggression [4][5]. - The exhibition includes early CCP documents condemning Japanese imperialism and advocating for resistance, highlighting the party's proactive stance against invasion [5][6]. - The CCP's efforts in establishing and maintaining the Anti-Japanese National United Front are documented, showcasing its role as a promoter and organizer of this coalition [6][7]. Group 3: Military Strategies and Contributions - The exhibition details the CCP's formulation and implementation of a comprehensive war strategy, including significant battles like the Hundred Regiments Offensive, which exemplified the party's military leadership [7][8]. - The CCP-led forces conducted over 125,000 operations against Japanese and puppet troops, resulting in the elimination of approximately 1.714 million enemy soldiers [8]. Group 4: Global Contributions - The CCP's contributions to the global anti-fascist struggle are highlighted, including its call for military alliances with other nations and its support for Allied forces during World War II [8][9]. - The exhibition features documents related to the CCP's involvement in the founding of the United Nations, marking its emergence on the international political stage [10]. Group 5: Party Building and Political Guarantees - The exhibition emphasizes the importance of the CCP's internal construction, showcasing documents that reflect its organizational and ideological development during the war [11][12]. - Key historical documents illustrate the party's commitment to discipline and unity, which were crucial for maintaining a cohesive front during the conflict [12][13]. Group 6: Historical Legacy and Future Direction - The exhibition concludes with reflections on the CCP's historical role in saving the nation and its ongoing leadership in achieving national rejuvenation [13][16]. - It underscores the importance of learning from history to inspire future generations in their pursuit of national goals [15][16].

Core Viewpoint - The victory of the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War is a significant turning point in the history of the Chinese nation, marking the first complete victory against foreign invasion since modern times, with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) playing a crucial role as the backbone of this victory [1]. Political Leadership - The CCP was the initiator of the Anti-Japanese National United Front, advocating for unity among various political parties to resist Japanese aggression [2]. - The CCP actively promoted the establishment of the united front, calling for cooperation between the CCP and the Kuomintang (KMT) to combat Japanese invaders [3]. - The CCP maintained its leadership role in the united front despite challenges, emphasizing the importance of unity and resistance against compromise and division [4]. Social Mobilization - The Anti-Japanese National United Front included not only the CCP and KMT but also the broader populace, showcasing widespread social mobilization and national awakening [5]. - The CCP's strategy involved comprehensive national military mobilization and grassroots engagement to strengthen the resistance against Japan [6]. Strategic Guidance - The CCP provided critical strategic guidance during the war, adapting military strategies to the changing dynamics of the conflict, including a shift from conventional warfare to guerrilla tactics [7][8]. - Mao Zedong's writings, particularly "On Protracted War," outlined the phases of the war and helped to clarify the path to victory, boosting national morale [8]. Party Building - The CCP's ability to serve as the backbone of the resistance was significantly attributed to its organizational maturity and political leadership during the war [10]. - The party focused on ideological, organizational, and conduct improvements, which solidified its leadership and effectiveness in mobilizing the masses [11][12][13]. Great Anti-Japanese Spirit - The CCP fostered a spirit of patriotism and resilience among the Chinese people, which was crucial for sustaining the war effort and achieving victory [14]. - The historical experience gained during the Anti-Japanese War continues to serve as a guiding principle for the CCP in contemporary challenges [15].

Core Viewpoint - The exhibition "Mountains and Rivers Forever" commemorates the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, showcasing revolutionary artifacts and the enduring spirit of the people in the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu anti-Japanese base area [3][12]. Group 1: Historical Significance - The exhibition is a heartfelt reflection on the history of the anti-Japanese war and a vivid practice of the spirit of resistance by the people of Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu [3]. - The Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu anti-Japanese base area, located at the border of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, was the largest anti-Japanese base led by the Communist Party of China [3][10]. Group 2: Contributions of the Communist Party - The Communist Party of China played a pivotal role in the anti-Japanese war, serving as the backbone of the national resistance and leading the war efforts with strategic foresight and strong execution [4][6]. - Mao Zedong emphasized that leadership is determined not by the size of forces but by the clarity of the program and the efforts made [5]. Group 3: Military Achievements - During the anti-Japanese war, the Party-led forces engaged in over 125,000 battles, eliminating more than 1.714 million enemy troops and establishing 19 anti-Japanese democratic bases covering nearly 1 million square kilometers with a population of around 100 million [6]. - The Hundred Regiments Offensive, launched in August 1940, was the largest and longest strategic offensive by the Eighth Route Army in North China [7]. Group 4: Cultural and Emotional Legacy - The exhibition features various revolutionary artifacts that serve as historical witnesses to the anti-Japanese struggle, highlighting the unity and resilience of the military and civilians [10][11]. - The sacrifices of heroes like General Zuo Quan are commemorated, reflecting the deep emotional ties and sacrifices made by the people during the war [8][9]. Group 5: Modern Relevance - The exhibition aims to inspire contemporary audiences by connecting the historical struggle with the ongoing mission of upholding the spirit of resistance and patriotism in modern China [12].