Group 1 - The evolving century-old changes in international relations present new challenges to the understanding of international law, necessitating a dialectical and historical materialist approach to avoid one-sided views [2] - International law is characterized by its normative nature, which creates rights and obligations for international law subjects, and its violation leads to international responsibility [2] - Unlike domestic law, which is created by a single sovereign state, international law results from agreements and customs among different sovereign states, reflecting strong political influences from state will [2] Group 2 - The political nature of international law has dual implications: it influences the construction and constraints of law, and it embodies politics, indicating that legal reasoning and practice can involve various forms of politics [2] - The interaction between the normative nature of international law and its political nature is essential for understanding its development, as states act as legislators, enforcers, adherents, and adjudicators [2] - International law demonstrates strong realism, which is evidenced by its historical and contemporary applications, emphasizing the need for compromise between normative and political aspects [3]

●强调实现人民对美好生活的向往，不仅具有现实的意义，同时也有更深层次的哲学内涵，是中 国共产党人科学的世界观、人生观和价值观的集中体现 党的二十届四中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建 议》，强调"以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的"，作出一系列系统性、前瞻性的部 署，这是对中国式现代化价值追求的鲜明昭示。从哲学的角度来说，"人民对美好生活的向往"具 有历史的经验性、现实的实践性和逻辑的必然性。 把握历史方向，关怀历史发展，本着实现人民对美好生活的向往的初心，中国共产党团结带领人 民进行了社会主义革命，完成了社会主义三大改造，为建设社会主义国家奠定了制度基础。从 此，中国开启了社会主义初级阶段的建设过程，这为人民实现美好生活创造了基本制度条件。 把握历史方向，推进历史发展，本着实现人民对美好生活的向往的初心，中国共产党团结带领人 民进行改革开放，建设中国特色社会主义，解决人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产 之间的矛盾。实践证明，中国特色社会主义道路是实现社会主义现代化、创造人民美好生活的必 由之路。改革开放以来，中国实现了从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居 ...

Core Perspective - Chen Yingzhen is a significant figure in contemporary Chinese literature and thought, known for his dual perspective that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries, evoking resonance on cultural identity, historical memory, and ideological enlightenment across the Chinese-speaking world [1] Group 1: Overview of "Chen Yingzhen's Selected Works" - The collection is organized into five sections: the first focuses on autobiographical writings outlining his spiritual development; the second addresses the "rural literature debate" and related discussions; the third critiques "Taiwan independence" thoughts and colonial historical legacies; the fourth analyzes the cultural logic of contemporary consumer society; and the fifth explores the historical connections and spiritual dialogues between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait [1][2] Group 2: Evolution of Thought - The first section of the collection reflects Chen's evolution from personal melancholy to social concern and critical realism, influenced by his readings of Lu Xun, leftist literature, and Marxist theory [2] - Chen describes his life journey as walking in the "back street," symbolizing a steadfast intellectual path that resists both official literary norms and blind adherence to modernist trends, emphasizing a writing stance rooted in realism and social concern [2] Group 3: Critique of Modernism and Advocacy for Rural Literature - In the second section, Chen critiques Taiwanese modernism as a "sub-stream" of literature, arguing it lacks genuine thought and intellectual depth, and calls for a return to national roots and a focus on reality [3] - He defines "rural literature" not merely as a regional concept but as a manifestation of national spirit in literature, advocating for works that authentically depict the realities of Taiwanese society [3] Group 4: Global Context and Third World Perspective - Chen's advocacy for "rural literature" is framed within a global historical context, linking Taiwan's fate with that of other regions facing imperialism and cultural hegemony [4] - He critiques American aid as a vehicle for political and cultural dominance, while also warning against Japanese cultural infiltration [4] Group 5: Integration of Literature, Thought, and Social Practice - Chen views literary writing, critical thought, and social practice as inseparable, emphasizing that writing should engage with the land, connect with the people, and respond to history [5][6] - He criticizes intellectuals who fall into dogmatism and factional struggles, advocating for a genuine connection with reality and a commitment to the people [6] Group 6: Contemporary Relevance - The collection's significance lies in its call for a critical perspective that can guide individuals through consumerism and nihilism, emphasizing the importance of cultural continuity and subjectivity in a fragmented cultural landscape [7] - It urges a return to social engagement and direct perception of reality, while also seeking to restore critical connections within the "Third World" context [7] Group 7: Conclusion - "Chen Yingzhen's Selected Works" serves not only as a compilation of personal writings but also as an unfinished spiritual testament, reminding readers of the enduring tradition of connecting personal and national destinies within a global framework [8]

Group 1 - The core idea emphasizes the significant role of the masses in historical development, as articulated by Marx and Engels, who argue that history is created by the people rather than by individual thinkers [1][2][3] - Marx and Engels highlight that the first historical activity is the production of material necessities, which is fundamental for the masses to create history [2] - The importance of the proletariat and the masses in achieving communism is underscored, with the assertion that their movement is for the benefit of the majority [2] Group 2 - The concept of "acting masses" as the decisive force in historical development is presented as a methodological guide for understanding historical direction [4] - The Chinese Communist Party has consistently focused on transforming the mass perspective into concrete revolutionary practice, emphasizing the people's role in history [4][5] - Xi Jinping's statements reinforce the need to rely on the people for historical achievements, highlighting the importance of engaging with the masses to harness their creative power [5]

Group 1 - The formation of modern Chinese history as an independent academic discipline began in the 1930s, with universities like Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University offering courses on recent historical events [1] - After the 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China, modern Chinese history became a required course in history departments across universities [1] Group 2 - In 1952, following departmental adjustments, Fudan University aligned its history curriculum with the Soviet model, dividing Chinese history into five segments, with the fifth segment covering the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement [2] - The first course on modern Chinese history was taught by Hu Shengwu in 1953, marking the official inclusion of modern history in the curriculum [2][3] - By 1955, the course was formally titled "Modern Chinese History," taught over two semesters with five class hours each [2] Group 3 - The teaching of modern history faced challenges during the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, leading to debates on the emphasis of modern versus ancient history [8][9] - The "thick now, thin ancient" approach sparked discussions on the teaching sequence, with some faculty members expressing concerns about the perceived inferiority of modern history [8][9] Group 4 - The political climate during the Cultural Revolution (1966) halted normal teaching activities, with a new curriculum focusing on the needs of the proletariat [17] - In 1970, the first cohort of workers and peasants entered Fudan University, and the curriculum was drastically altered to prioritize party history and modern Chinese history [17] Group 5 - After the Cultural Revolution, the late 1970s saw a revival of modern Chinese history courses, with a renewed focus on comprehensive history education [23][24] - The establishment of specialized elective courses in modern Chinese history reflected the faculty's enthusiasm and research interests, leading to a more systematic curriculum [24][29] Group 6 - The development of modern Chinese history at Fudan University was influenced by political trends, with the curriculum often reflecting the prevailing political ideologies [28] - The establishment of research directions, such as the study of the Xinhai Revolution and the Wang Jingwei regime, was driven by the availability of local historical materials and collaboration with other academic institutions [30]

Core Viewpoint - The articles emphasize the importance of a scientific attitude towards Marxism, highlighting that while the basic principles of scientific socialism must be upheld, they should not be treated as rigid dogmas [1][2][4]. Group 1: Historical Context and Theoretical Development - Engels criticized the opportunistic tendencies of the "Young Party" within the German Social Democratic Party, warning against treating materialism as a mere label without deeper understanding [2]. - Engels stressed that Marxism should be viewed as a method for research rather than a fixed system, advocating for a comprehensive understanding of historical materialism [2][4]. - The need for accurate interpretation of Marxist theory to guide the international workers' movement was highlighted as a pressing issue during the late 19th century [1]. Group 2: Application and Evolution of Marxism - Engels maintained that Marxist theory is a developing one, not a set of doctrines to be memorized and mechanically repeated, urging for its application in specific contexts [3][4]. - The Chinese Communist Party has consistently applied Marxism to analyze and lead contemporary society, with Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping emphasizing the importance of adapting Marxism to Chinese realities [4][5]. - Xi Jinping's requirements for learning and practicing Marxism reflect a deepened understanding of its application in the context of contemporary Chinese socialism [5].

Core Viewpoint - The controversy surrounding the "Lu Xun smoking" wall at the Shaoxing Lu Xun Memorial Hall highlights the importance of understanding historical figures in their context rather than imposing modern standards on them [1][2][3] Group 1: Historical Context and Education - The complaint about the wall suggests it may negatively influence youth behavior, but it is essential to recognize that Lu Xun's smoking habit should be understood within the context of his time, where awareness of smoking's dangers was limited [1][2] - Education should focus on cultivating children's ability to think critically and independently, rather than overly sanitizing historical figures [2][3] - The significance of Lu Xun lies not in his smoking but in his profound social responsibility, cultural awareness, and self-reflective spirit, which should be the focus of educational efforts [2][3] Group 2: Authenticity of Historical Figures - The pursuit of a "perfect" image of Lu Xun risks obscuring his authentic character and the opportunity to educate young people about the complexities of history [3] - It is crucial to approach historical figures with a materialist perspective, understanding them within their original context while trusting the younger generation to make their own judgments about history [3]

Group 1 - The establishment of the China Historical Research Institute in 2019 aims to promote the integration of historical studies and the dissemination of Chinese culture [2] - Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of understanding history for effective governance, stating that a lack of historical knowledge hinders the ability to set goals and make decisions [2][4] - Historical awareness is essential for political morality and decision-making, enabling leaders to draw lessons from the past to inform future actions [2][6] Group 2 - The Communist Party of China has consistently valued the study of history and the application of historical experience in governance since its founding [3][4] - Xi Jinping's governance reflects a broad historical perspective, emphasizing the need for historical materialism to understand societal development and inform policy [4][5] - The historical context is crucial for understanding the unique path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which has evolved through decades of practice and exploration [7][8] Group 3 - The role of the people as the main force in historical development is highlighted, with the Communist Party relying on the masses to advance reforms [6] - The relationship between historical evolution and the Chinese path underscores the necessity of a governance model that is rooted in China's historical and cultural context [7] - The importance of learning from both successful and challenging historical experiences is emphasized to guide contemporary governance [8][9] Group 4 - The preservation and promotion of historical and cultural heritage are essential for maintaining national identity and cultural continuity [10][11] - Understanding the contemporary value of historical heritage is crucial for fostering national pride and cohesion among the populace [11][12] - The need for a long-term historical perspective in governance is stressed, advocating for a proactive approach to learning from history to navigate current and future challenges [12]

Group 1 - The article discusses President Trump's measures against Harvard University, including cutting federal funding and intervening in admissions policies, which has sparked widespread attention [1] - There is a notable divide in public opinion on Trump's actions, with some supporting the measures from ideological perspectives, viewing Harvard as a bastion of "leftist" ideology and blaming it for various societal issues [2][6] - The sentiment against elite institutions like Harvard is rooted in a long-standing tradition of anti-intellectualism in American society, as explored in Richard Hofstadter's book "Anti-intellectualism in American Life" [4][5] Group 2 - Hofstadter distinguishes between "intellect" and "intelligence," highlighting how practical intelligence is valued in American culture, while critical and reflective intellect is often marginalized [5] - The book illustrates how anti-intellectualism manifests across various sectors, including religion, politics, business culture, and education, revealing a recurring social sentiment against intellectualism [6] - The backlash against Harvard and similar institutions reflects a deeper cultural current of anti-elitism and skepticism towards higher education, which can undermine public reasoning and critical thinking [6] Group 3 - Michael Sandel's "The Tyranny of Merit" provides a counterpoint to the critique of anti-intellectualism by examining the responsibilities of elites and the ethical dilemmas of meritocracy [8][9] - Sandel argues that the obsession with meritocracy creates divisions and resentment, as it leads to a lack of empathy for those who struggle, framing their failures as personal shortcomings rather than systemic issues [10][11] - The phenomenon of Trump can be seen as a reaction to the arrogance of elites, with Harvard representing a microcosm of broader societal issues related to privilege and inequality [11] Group 4 - The economic context surrounding Trump's actions is explored through the lens of two books that address public misconceptions about economic issues, including immigration and trade [12][13] - "Good Economics for Hard Times" by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo aims to clarify economic narratives and correct misunderstandings that contribute to societal tensions [13][14] - The book emphasizes the importance of equitable distribution and the pursuit of human welfare, providing a framework for understanding the economic backdrop of political sentiments [15] Group 5 - "Strangers in Their Own Land" by Arlie Russell Hochschild delves into the individual experiences of conservative communities, revealing their feelings of alienation and betrayal in the face of social change [17][18] - Hochschild's research highlights the emotional narratives that shape political views, particularly among those who feel overlooked by the government and societal progress [19] - The parallels between Hochschild's findings and the sentiments of Trump's supporters illustrate a broader trend of discontent among marginalized groups in America [19] Group 6 - Richard Hofstadter's "The Paranoid Style in American Politics" provides historical context for understanding the rhetoric and mobilization strategies seen in Trump's political discourse [22][23] - The book traces the "paranoid style" in American politics, characterized by exaggerated fears and conspiratorial thinking, which resonates with contemporary political narratives [24] - This historical perspective helps to analyze the emotional and rhetorical underpinnings of Trump's support, revealing a pattern of distrust and division in American political culture [24] Group 7 - Karl Marx's "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" offers insights into the dynamics of power and class struggle, relevant for understanding Trump's rise and governance style [26][27] - Marx's analysis of political maneuvering amidst class conflict provides a framework for examining how Trump appeals to disaffected groups while potentially serving elite interests [28][29] - The book's exploration of historical patterns of political authority and social division can inform contemporary discussions about populism and elite dynamics in the U.S. [29]