Core Insights - The article discusses the groundbreaking achievements in the "Whole Brain Mesoscopic Neural Connectivity Atlas" project initiated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which has produced significant research results published in prestigious journals like "Cell" and "Neuron" [3][4][5] Group 1: Mesoscopic Brain Atlas - The mesoscopic brain atlas is defined as a representation that lies between macro and micro scales, detailing components of the brain such as individual neurons, neural networks, brain regions, and functional areas at the resolution of single neurons [3][4] - Over 300 scientists utilized domestically developed high-precision optical brain imaging technologies over five years to create multiple mesoscopic brain maps covering key species including reptiles, birds, rodents, non-human primates, and humans [3][5] Group 2: Technological Innovations - The most significant breakthrough in the published results is the innovation in the technical system, particularly the development of single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomics technology, which allows for the simultaneous acquisition of cellular spatial location and gene expression information [6] - This technology enables researchers to create detailed maps of brain regions, such as the hippocampus, identifying specific cell types and their roles in diseases like Alzheimer's, thus providing new biomarkers for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis [6][8] Group 3: Future Applications - The research aims to advance from small animals to non-human primates, with the ultimate goal of mapping the human brain at the mesoscopic level, which could lead to significant advancements in understanding brain diseases and developing predictive models for brain health [8][9] - The potential applications of the mesoscopic brain atlas extend beyond academic research, envisioning scenarios where brain diseases could be predicted like weather forecasts, and artificial intelligence could mimic human thought processes [8][9]