Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the evolution and differentiation of air suspension systems, highlighting the transition from luxury vehicles to broader applications in various car models, and explains the distinctions between open and closed systems as well as single, double, and triple chamber air springs [1][9]. Group 1: Air Suspension Systems - Air suspension consists of air springs, pumps, distribution valves, air tanks, and controllers, categorized into open and closed systems based on their interaction with external air [1][7]. - Open systems connect to the external environment, allowing for faster lift/lower speeds of approximately 5mm/s, but require more robust pumps and have larger overall sizes [3][5]. - Closed systems maintain a more compact structure with a sealed air circuit, where the pump continuously operates during height adjustments, providing a different operational dynamic [7]. Group 2: Single, Double, and Triple Chamber Air Springs - Single chamber air springs have one air chamber, allowing for height adjustments but not for varying stiffness, which limits their performance [9][11]. - Double chamber air springs introduce an additional sealed chamber, enabling adjustments in both height and stiffness, with a stiffness variation of about 40%-50% between soft and hard modes [15]. - Triple chamber air springs further enhance the complexity and adjustability of the system, allowing for multiple operational modes, though they are less common in the market due to higher costs and development challenges [15][21]. Group 3: Performance Differences - The performance differences among air springs primarily relate to stiffness, which affects the suspension's natural frequency, known as suspension frequency [16][18]. - Suspension frequency is crucial for vehicle stability and comfort, with air springs providing variable stiffness that can adapt to load changes, unlike traditional steel springs which have a constant stiffness [18][21]. - Multi-chamber air springs offer a broader range of adjustable stiffness, maintaining comfort and handling within acceptable limits, although their complexity and cost are higher [21].