Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the long-standing public health issue of why certain mosquito species can transmit specific viruses while others cannot, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms behind mosquito-virus interactions [4][5]. Group 1: Mosquito Species and Virus Transmission - There are over 3,500 known mosquito species, but fewer than 100 can transmit severe human infectious diseases such as dengue, Zika, and malaria [2]. - The main mosquito vectors are categorized into three types: Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles, with Aedes being the primary vector for tropical diseases [2][4]. - Culex mosquitoes are widespread in temperate regions but are ineffective in transmitting tropical viruses like dengue and Zika, limiting the spread of these diseases to tropical and subtropical areas [4]. Group 2: Scientific Questions and Research Findings - Two fundamental scientific questions remain: the biological basis of mosquito-virus interactions and the reasons behind the species-specific transmission of different viruses by various mosquito species [5]. - A study published in Nature by a team from Tsinghua University identified that the acidic environment of the blood lymph in certain mosquitoes allows for the specific interaction between the virus and mosquito proteins, leading to the formation of infectious extracellular vesicles [7][12]. - The research revealed that the interaction between mosquito VCP proteins and viral capsid proteins is crucial for determining the specificity of virus infection in mosquitoes, highlighting the importance of molecular compatibility in virus transmission [10][12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the rising trend of malaria and other vector-borne diseases globally, emphasizing the need for "zero malaria" countries, including China, to rethink public health strategies to prevent reintroduction and transmission of these diseases after achieving elimination [3][4]. Summary by Sections Global Malaria Trends - The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that China is expected to see nearly 3,000 imported malaria cases in 2024, more than tripling in two years, despite being certified as malaria-free less than five years ago [3][4]. - The increase in vector-borne diseases (VBDs) is attributed to rising drug resistance, declining effectiveness of diagnostic and prevention tools, increased global mobility, climate change, and reduced health funding [3][4]. Importance of Monitoring and Response - WHO and public health scholars stress the importance of maintaining sensitive monitoring and response systems in countries with high health resources to prevent local transmission from imported cases [4]. - Continuous investment in innovative research and international cooperation is essential to strengthen disease monitoring and risk prevention from the source [4]. Burden of Vector-Borne Diseases in China - According to the Chinese CDC, from 2005 to 2024, China reported over 1.12 million cases of vector-borne diseases, with scrub typhus and malaria each accounting for over 20% of cases [6]. - The burden of VBDs in China has been increasing over the past five years, necessitating enhanced monitoring to prevent outbreaks of newly emerging and non-notifiable infectious diseases [6][7]. Role of Grassroots Monitoring - Grassroots healthcare plays a crucial role in the early detection of infectious diseases, as demonstrated by a community health service doctor in Guangdong who identified a case of chikungunya [7]. - The application of AI technology in monitoring mosquito populations and analyzing risk distribution has shown promise in enhancing disease prevention efforts in China [7]. Challenges in Active Case Detection - Despite progress in monitoring, there are still gaps in China's overall control of vector-borne diseases, particularly in the active detection of imported cases [9]. - The number of imported malaria cases rose from 819 in 2022 to 2,781 in 2024, highlighting the need for improved detection capabilities [9][10]. Healthcare System Preparedness - Many imported malaria cases are among migrant workers returning from high-incidence areas, raising concerns about the healthcare system's ability to manage severe cases [10]. - Studies indicate that a significant percentage of patients delay seeking treatment, with some waiting over three days, which poses a risk for disease transmission [10][11]. Addressing New and Re-emerging Vector-Borne Diseases - Globalization, climate change, and urbanization are altering the habitats of disease vectors, increasing the risk of new and re-emerging infectious diseases [14]. - The WHO's 2025 report indicates a rise in global malaria incidence and mortality, with approximately 282 million cases expected in 2024, an increase of about 9 million from 2023 [14]. Recommendations for Future Action - Countries like China need to enhance disease monitoring and response capabilities while also focusing on international cooperation to address the challenges posed by vector-borne diseases [15]. - Comprehensive vector management and sustainable disease control measures are essential to effectively reduce the risk of VBDs [15].