Core Insights - Ethereum is executing a critical network upgrade named "Fusaka," aimed at significantly enhancing data capacity and optimizing protocol efficiency to further reduce Layer-2 transaction costs and solidify its position as a global settlement layer [1][2]. Group 1: Upgrade Details - The Fusaka upgrade was activated at block height 13,164,544, marking a new step in Ethereum's scalability roadmap following previous upgrades Dencun and Pectra [1]. - The core change in this upgrade is the introduction of "PeerDAS" (Peer Data Availability Sampling), which theoretically increases Layer-2 network data capacity by 8 times, leading to higher transaction throughput and significantly lower transaction fees for Layer-2 users [2][3]. - Fusaka also includes the "Blob Parameter Only" (BPO) fork mechanism, enhancing future network capacity flexibility, and optimizes Layer-1 mainnet performance through features like storage expiration and block control [3][4]. Group 2: Strategic Focus - The upgrade aligns with the Ethereum Foundation's strategic priorities established for April 2025, focusing on expanding the Ethereum mainnet, enhancing Blobs, and improving user experience [5]. - The design philosophy of Ethereum emphasizes scalability through Layer-2 solutions, addressing the "blockchain trilemma" by offloading most transaction processing to Layer-2 networks while maintaining decentralization and security [6]. Group 3: Key Features of PeerDAS - PeerDAS fundamentally changes the data availability model by allowing nodes to download only a fraction (approximately 1/8) of the total data, ensuring the entire dataset's availability and integrity through cryptographic methods [7]. - This mechanism significantly reduces resource requirements for individual nodes, theoretically increasing data capacity by about 8 times, which is crucial for lowering Layer-2 transaction costs [7]. Group 4: BPO Fork and Fee Mechanism - The BPO fork mechanism allows for more frequent and controlled updates to Blob-related parameters, enabling gradual increases in data capacity without the need for major upgrades [9]. - The introduction of a "base price" mechanism for Blob fees, linked dynamically to execution gas fees, aims to stabilize the fee market and ensure that Blob space reflects its economic value [10].