Group 1 - The core issue of increased energy consumption in vehicles during winter is attributed to various mechanical resistances and energy conversion inefficiencies, leading to a phenomenon termed "winter high consumption" [7] - For internal combustion engine vehicles, low temperatures increase oil viscosity, resulting in higher friction and energy consumption as the engine struggles to reach optimal operating temperatures [1][2] - Cold starts in winter lead to altered air-fuel ratios, further increasing fuel consumption, compounded by the habit of idling vehicles to warm them up, which wastes fuel and is environmentally unfriendly [2] Group 2 - Electric vehicles face unique challenges in winter, as lithium batteries experience reduced electrolyte activity and increased viscosity, leading to energy loss [3] - The heating system in electric vehicles relies heavily on PTC resistors, which consume significant energy, with a 5kW heater potentially depleting an 80kWh battery in just 16 hours [3] - While heat pump systems are more efficient than PTC heaters, they still consume energy, contributing to the overall increase in energy consumption during winter [3][4] Group 3 - Tire rolling resistance, which accounts for 90%-95% of energy loss, increases in winter due to reduced rubber elasticity and lower tire pressure, leading to higher energy consumption [5][6] - Adverse winter conditions such as rain, snow, and ice reduce vehicle traction and increase rolling resistance, further elevating energy consumption [7] - Increased air density in winter leads to higher aerodynamic drag, contributing to greater energy consumption during vehicle operation [7]