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GlobalFoundries to Host Investor Webinar on Silicon Photonics and Advanced Packaging
Globenewswire· 2026-02-12 12:00
Core Viewpoint - GlobalFoundries is hosting a webinar on March 10, 2026, to provide updates on its business, technical advancements, and strategic direction in Silicon Photonics and Advanced Packaging [1][2]. Group 1: Webinar Details - The webinar will take place at 4:30 p.m. ET and will include presentations followed by a Q&A session [1][3]. - Interested participants can register for the conference call and access the webcast on GlobalFoundries' Investor Relations website [3]. Group 2: Company Overview - GlobalFoundries is a leading semiconductor manufacturer, focusing on delivering power-efficient and high-performance products for various high-growth markets, including automotive and IoT [4]. - The company operates globally with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, emphasizing security, longevity, and sustainability in its operations [4].
GlobalFoundries Q4 Earnings Call Highlights
Yahoo Finance· 2026-02-11 17:52
Core Insights - GlobalFoundries reported strong fourth-quarter results, exceeding guidance for revenue, gross margin, and earnings per share, driven by improvements in product mix and cost management [4][7] Financial Performance - Fourth-quarter revenue reached $1.83 billion, an 8% increase sequentially and flat year-over-year, with wafer shipments of approximately 619,300 units, up 3% sequentially and 4% year-over-year [2][7] - Gross margin for the fourth quarter was about 29%, up 300 basis points sequentially and 360 basis points year-over-year, with an operating profit of $335 million and an operating margin of 18.3% [1][7] - Full-year 2025 revenue was approximately $6.79 billion, a 1% increase year-over-year, with diluted EPS of $1.72, also up 10% year-over-year [8][9] Market Dynamics - The company is shifting its revenue mix away from smartphones, with over 60% of 2025 revenue coming from non-smart mobile markets and automotive, while communications and data center markets grew significantly [6][11] - Automotive revenue for Q4 rose 40% sequentially and 3% year-over-year, contributing to a full-year total of $1.4 billion, a 17% increase year-over-year [9][10] Strategic Initiatives - GlobalFoundries secured over 500 design wins in 2025, with more than 95% being sole-sourced, indicating strong customer partnerships [12] - The company is investing heavily in expanding its manufacturing capabilities, including a $16 billion commitment in the U.S. and EUR 1.1 billion in Dresden, targeting over 1 million wafers per year by the end of 2028 [16] Cash Flow and Capital Allocation - The company generated operating cash flow of $374 million in Q4 and $1.731 billion for the year, with adjusted free cash flow of $1.2 billion, representing a record margin of 17% [17] - A share repurchase program of up to $500 million has been authorized, with repurchases expected to begin in the current quarter [18] 2026 Outlook - For Q1 2026, management guided revenue of $1.625 billion ± $25 million and gross margin of about 27% ± 100 basis points, with expectations for non-wafer revenue to contribute 10% to 12% of total revenue [20] - Full-year 2026 guidance includes non-IFRS net capex of 15% to 20% of revenue and a free cash flow margin of about 10% as the company continues to invest [21]
Tower Semiconductor(TSEM) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 16:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported Q4 2025 revenue of $440 million, reflecting an 11% quarter-over-quarter growth and a 14% year-over-year growth, meeting the target for sequential growth [6][36] - Full year revenue for 2025 was $1.566 billion, a $130 million or 9% increase compared to 2024 [7][39] - Q4 net profit was $80 million, representing an 18% net margin, up from 11% in Q1 2025, 13% in Q2 2025, and 14% in Q3 2025 [6][37] - Full year net profit for 2025 was $220 million, or $1.97 basic and $1.94 diluted earnings per share, compared to $208 million in 2024 [39] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF infrastructure revenue increased by 75% year-over-year, driven by the adoption of silicon photonics in 800G and 1.6T pluggable transceivers [9] - Silicon germanium and silicon photonics revenues accounted for 27% of corporate revenues, totaling $421 million, up from $241 million in 2024 [10] - Power Management grew by 20% year-over-year, representing 16% of corporate revenues in 2025 [22] - Sensors and displays grew by 10% year-over-year, also representing 16% of corporate revenue [24] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF mobile represented 23% of corporate revenue in 2025, with a 15% year-over-year decline due to a strategic shift towards higher value offerings [19] - The company noted strong demand for silicon photonics, with over 70% of total capacity reserved or in the process of being reserved through 2028 [27] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on expanding its silicon photonics and silicon germanium capacity, with a total CapEx plan of $920 million, including an additional $270 million announced for 2026 [45][27] - The updated financial model targets $2.84 billion in annual revenue by 2028, reflecting a significant increase from 2025 levels [50] - The company aims to achieve a gross margin of approximately 40% and a net profit of $750 million by 2028 [52] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in meeting future demand, citing strong customer partnerships and a robust operational execution plan [78][85] - The company acknowledged potential concerns regarding memory shortages in the mobile market but emphasized proactive planning to mitigate risks [90][92] - Management highlighted the importance of maintaining strong relationships with both customers and suppliers to ensure operational success [86] Other Important Information - The company has successfully ramped silicon photonics production in multiple fabs and is on track for significant capacity increases [12][27] - Utilization rates for various fabs were reported, with Fab 3 at 85% and Fab 7 fully utilized, indicating strong operational efficiency [28] Q&A Session Summary Question: Clarification on NVIDIA collaboration - Management clarified that the partnership with NVIDIA involves output parameters for photonics and drivers, not direct shipping to NVIDIA [56] Question: Impact of increased silicon photonics capacity - Management confirmed that the 5x capacity increase is in response to total demand, including from NVIDIA [57] Question: Concerns about high voltage capabilities for AI servers - Management stated that while they do not currently have an 800-volt platform on an IC, they have higher voltage IC capabilities [61] Question: Clarification on shipping to NVIDIA - Management confirmed that they do not ship directly to NVIDIA but through module makers [64] Question: Timeline for CapEx rollout - Management indicated that the majority of the $920 million CapEx should be online by the third quarter of 2026, with qualification processes ongoing [70] Question: Expectations for silicon photonics contribution - Management expressed confidence in meeting demand and operational execution for silicon photonics in 2026 and 2027 [78][85] Question: Concerns about memory shortages - Management acknowledged concerns regarding memory shortages but emphasized proactive planning to mitigate potential impacts [90][92]
Tower Semiconductor(TSEM) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 16:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported Q4 2025 revenue of $440 million, reflecting an 11% quarter-over-quarter growth and a 14% year-over-year growth, meeting the target for sequential growth [6][37] - Q4 net profit was $80 million, representing an 18% net margin, up from 11% in Q1 2025, 13% in Q2 2025, and 14% in Q3 2025, indicating value-based growth driven by technology mix enrichment [6][38] - Full year 2025 revenue reached $1.566 billion, a $130 million or 9% increase compared to 2024 [7][40] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF infrastructure revenue increased by 75% year-over-year, driven by hyperscaler adoption of silicon photonics in 800G and 1.6T pluggable transceivers [9] - Silicon germanium and silicon photonics revenues accounted for 27% of corporate revenues, totaling $421 million, up from $241 million in 2024 [10] - Power Management grew 20% year-over-year, representing 16% of corporate revenues in 2025 [23] - Sensors and displays grew 10% year-over-year, also representing 16% of corporate revenue [25] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF mobile represented 23% of corporate revenue in 2025, with a 15% year-over-year decline due to a strategic shift towards higher value optical and RF offerings [20] - The company is experiencing strong demand for silicon photonics, with over 70% of total SiPho capacity reserved or in the process of being reserved through 2028 [28] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is increasing its CapEx plan for 2026 to accommodate stronger customer demand, with a total investment of $920 million aimed at expanding capacity [28][46] - The updated financial model targets $2.84 billion in annual revenue by 2028, reflecting a significant increase from 2025 levels [34][51] - The company is focusing on partnerships with leading customers, such as NVIDIA, to enhance technology offerings and manufacturing agility [12] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving the updated financial model by 2028, citing strong customer demand and operational execution as key factors [80][87] - Concerns were raised regarding potential memory shortages impacting the mobile market, but management emphasized proactive planning and flexibility in production [92] Other Important Information - The company achieved a gross profit of $118 million in Q4 2025, a 26% increase from the previous quarter [38] - The effective tax rate for Q4 2025 was exceptionally low at 2% due to a non-recurring tax benefit [39] Q&A Session Summary Question: Clarification on NVIDIA collaboration - The company clarified that its role involves output parameters for photonics and alignment of supply needs, rather than direct shipping to NVIDIA [57] Question: Capacity increase related to NVIDIA demand - Management confirmed that the planned capacity increase is in response to total demand, including from NVIDIA [58] Question: Power business capabilities for high voltage - The company indicated it does not currently have an 800-volt platform on an IC but has higher voltage IC capabilities [63] Question: Shipping through resellers to NVIDIA - It was confirmed that the company ships through module makers or integrators rather than directly to NVIDIA [66] Question: CPO and end-to-end offerings - The company is working on multiple architectures for co-packaged optics but is not directly packaging CPUs [69] Question: Timeline for CapEx rollout - Management expects the majority of the $920 million CapEx to be online by Q3 2026, with full qualification targeted by December [72] Question: Silicon photonics contribution visibility - Management expressed confidence in the demand for silicon photonics and the operational execution needed to meet it [80][87] Question: Concerns about memory shortages - Management acknowledged concerns about memory shortages but emphasized close collaboration with customers to mitigate risks [92]
Tower Semiconductor(TSEM) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 16:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Company revenue for Q4 2025 was $440 million, reflecting an 11% quarter-over-quarter growth and a 14% year-over-year growth, meeting the target for sequential growth [3][4] - Full year revenue for 2025 was $1.566 billion, a $130 million or 9% increase compared to 2024 [4][23] - Net profit for Q4 2025 was $80 million, or an 18% net margin, up from 11% in Q1 2025, indicating a value-based growth driven by technology mix enrichment [4][22] - Gross profit for Q4 2025 was $118 million, a 26% increase compared to the prior quarter [22] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF infrastructure revenue increased by 75% year-over-year, driven by the rapid adoption of silicon photonics [5] - Silicon germanium and silicon photonics revenues represented 27% of corporate revenues, totaling $421 million, up from $241 million in 2024 [6] - Power Management grew 20% year-over-year, representing 16% of corporate revenues in 2025 [13] - Sensors and displays grew 10% year-over-year, representing 16% of corporate revenue [15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - RF mobile represented 23% of corporate revenue in 2025, with a 15% year-over-year decline due to a shift towards higher value optical and RF mix [12] - The company is experiencing strong demand for silicon photonics, with over 70% of total SiPho capacity reserved or in the process of being reserved through 2028 [17] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is increasing its CapEx plan for 2026 to accommodate strong customer demand, with a total investment of $920 million aimed at expanding silicon photonics and silicon germanium capacity [9][26] - The updated financial model targets $2.84 billion in annual revenue by 2028, reflecting a significant increase from 2025 [20][29] - The company is focusing on partnerships with lead customers to enhance its technology offerings and manufacturing capabilities [8][19] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving the revised financial model by 2028, citing strong customer demand and partnerships [19][62] - The company acknowledged potential concerns regarding memory shortages in the mobile market but emphasized proactive planning to mitigate risks [66] Other Important Information - The company announced a one-time tax benefit in Q4 2025, resulting in a 2% effective tax rate [22] - A lease extension for the Newport Beach facility was secured, extending the lease until the end of 2030 [81] Q&A Session Summary Question: Clarification on NVIDIA collaboration - The company clarified that it does not ship directly to NVIDIA but through resellers, focusing on output parameters for photonics [32][42] Question: Capacity increase for silicon photonics - The company confirmed that the planned capacity increase includes demand from NVIDIA and partners [34] Question: Concerns about high voltage capabilities for AI servers - The company stated it does not currently have an 800-volt platform on an IC but has higher voltage IC capabilities [39] Question: Timeline for CapEx investments - Management indicated that the majority of the $920 million investment should be online by the third quarter of 2026, with some growth expected earlier [50][60] Question: Expectations for silicon photonics contribution - The company expressed confidence in meeting demand and operational execution for silicon photonics in 2026 and 2027 [56][62]
GLOBALFOUNDRIES(GFS) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 14:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - GlobalFoundries reported fourth quarter revenue of $1.83 billion, an 8% sequential increase and flat year-over-year [28] - Full year revenue reached approximately $6.791 billion, up 1% year-over-year [28] - Gross profit for the fourth quarter was $530 million, translating to a gross margin of approximately 29%, up 300 basis points sequentially and 360 basis points year-over-year [34] - Full year gross margin was 26.1%, an increase of 80 basis points year-over-year [34] - Net income for the fourth quarter was approximately $310 million, resulting in diluted earnings of $0.55 per share [35] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Smart mobile devices accounted for approximately 36% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 13% sequential decline and 11% year-over-year decrease [29] - Automotive represented approximately 23% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 40% sequential increase and 3% year-over-year growth [31] - Home and industrial IoT made up approximately 17% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 17% sequential increase but a 15% year-over-year decline [31] - Communications infrastructure and data center contributed approximately 12% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 29% sequential increase and 32% year-over-year growth [32] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Automotive revenue grew approximately 17% year-over-year to a record $1.4 billion [31] - Communications infrastructure and data center revenue grew 29% year-over-year, driven by strong momentum in optical networking and silicon photonics [32] - Satellite communications revenue exceeded $100 million in 2025, marking significant growth [32] Company Strategy and Development Direction - GlobalFoundries is focusing on three core pillars: technology differentiation, deep customer partnerships, and leveraging a diversified geographical footprint [7] - The company aims to reach a $1 billion run-rate revenue for silicon photonics by the end of 2028, driven by strong customer demand and recent acquisitions [15] - Significant investments include $16 billion in the U.S. and EUR 1.1 billion in the Dresden facility to expand manufacturing capabilities [10] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about long-term potential, citing record design win momentum and a clear path towards a richer mix of business [25] - The company is well-positioned to capitalize on megatrends such as AI data centers and the need for resilient semiconductor supply chains [11] - Management expects to achieve over 30% year-on-year revenue growth in communications infrastructure and data center for 2026 [25] Other Important Information - The board of directors authorized a share repurchase of up to $500 million, reflecting confidence in the company's financial position [37] - The company expects total revenue for the first quarter of 2026 to be $1.625 billion, with gross margin around 27% [38] Q&A Session Summary Question: Strategy for silicon photonics and differentiation - Management highlighted the strong demand for silicon photonics as a critical enabler for AI data centers, supported by acquisitions like AMF and InfiniLink [47][49] Question: Strategy with quantum computing - Management expressed excitement about quantum computing, emphasizing partnerships across various modalities to build scalable systems [52][54] Question: Supply side tightness and CapEx - Management noted strong demand in differentiated technology areas and emphasized capital efficiency in investments [58][60] Question: Margin structure and OpEx intensity - Management discussed the positive impact of a diversified portfolio on margins and the expected increase in OpEx due to strategic investments [63][66] Question: Synergies between recent acquisitions - Management confirmed synergies between photonics-oriented acquisitions and the broader portfolio, enhancing customer engagement and technology offerings [72][74]
GLOBALFOUNDRIES(GFS) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 14:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - GlobalFoundries reported fourth quarter revenue of $1.83 billion, an 8% sequential increase and flat year-over-year [28] - Full year revenue reached approximately $6.791 billion, up 1% year-over-year [28] - Gross profit for the fourth quarter was $530 million, translating to a gross margin of approximately 29%, up 300 basis points sequentially and 360 basis points year-over-year [34] - Full year gross margin was 26.1%, an increase of 80 basis points year-over-year [34] - Net income for the fourth quarter was approximately $310 million, resulting in diluted earnings of $0.55 per share [35] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Smart mobile devices accounted for approximately 36% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 13% sequential decline and an 11% year-over-year decrease [29] - Automotive revenue represented approximately 23% of fourth quarter revenue, increasing 40% sequentially and 3% year-over-year, with full-year revenue growing 17% to a record $1.4 billion [30][31] - Home and industrial IoT represented approximately 17% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 17% sequential increase but a 15% year-over-year decrease [31] - Communications infrastructure and data center revenue grew 29% year-over-year, marking a notable return to growth, with fourth quarter revenue increasing 32% year-over-year [32] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The automotive market has seen significant growth, with over 50% more design wins compared to the previous year [20] - Communications infrastructure and data center markets are expected to achieve over 30% year-on-year revenue growth in 2026 [25] - The company expects to reach a $1 billion run-rate revenue level for silicon photonics by the end of 2028, driven by strong customer demand [15] Company Strategy and Development Direction - GlobalFoundries is focusing on three core pillars: technology differentiation, deep customer partnerships, and leveraging a diversified geographical footprint [7] - The company made significant acquisitions in 2025, including AMF and InfiniLink, to enhance its technology differentiation in silicon photonics [7][8] - A commitment to invest $16 billion in the U.S. and EUR 1.1 billion in the Dresden facility to expand manufacturing capabilities [10][11] - The company aims to capitalize on megatrends such as AI data centers, physical AI, and the need for diversified semiconductor supply [11][17] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the long-term potential, citing record design win momentum and a strong customer engagement pipeline [25][26] - The company anticipates continued growth driven by the scaling of AI data centers and the proliferation of AI into various applications [12][19] - Management highlighted the importance of addressing bottlenecks in networking and power for the continued scaling of AI [12] Other Important Information - The board of directors authorized a share repurchase of up to $500 million, reflecting confidence in the company's financial position [37] - The company expects total revenue for the first quarter of 2026 to be approximately $1.625 billion, with gross margin around 27% [38][39] Q&A Session Summary Question: Strategy for silicon photonics and differentiation - Management highlighted the strong demand for silicon photonics as a critical enabler for AI data centers, emphasizing their robust process technology and global manufacturing footprint [49][50] Question: Strategy regarding quantum computing - Management expressed excitement about quantum computing, noting partnerships across various modalities and the importance of high-volume manufacturing [54][55] Question: Supply side tightness and CapEx - Management noted strong demand in differentiated technology areas and emphasized capital efficiency in investments, supported by government grants [60][61] Question: Margin structure and OpEx intensity - Management discussed the positive impact of a diversified portfolio on margins and the expected increase in OpEx due to strategic investments in R&D and new technologies [66][68] Question: Synergies between recent acquisitions - Management confirmed synergies between photonics-oriented acquisitions and the broader portfolio, enhancing customer engagement and technology offerings [74]
GLOBALFOUNDRIES(GFS) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-11 14:30
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - GlobalFoundries reported fourth quarter revenue of $1.83 billion, an 8% sequential increase and flat year-over-year [27] - Full year revenue reached approximately $6.791 billion, up 1% year-over-year [27] - Gross profit for the fourth quarter was $530 million, translating to a gross margin of approximately 29%, up 300 basis points sequentially and 360 basis points year-over-year [34] - Full year gross margin was 26.1%, an increase of 80 basis points year-over-year [34] - Net income for the fourth quarter was approximately $310 million, resulting in diluted earnings of $0.55 per share [35] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Smart mobile devices accounted for approximately 36% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 13% sequential decline and 11% year-over-year decrease [28] - Automotive revenue represented approximately 23% of fourth quarter revenue, increasing 40% sequentially and 3% year-over-year, with full-year revenue growing 17% to a record $1.4 billion [30][31] - Home and industrial IoT represented approximately 17% of fourth quarter revenue, with a 17% sequential increase but a 15% year-over-year decrease [31] - Communications infrastructure and data center revenue grew 29% year-over-year, marking a notable return to growth, with fourth quarter revenue increasing 29% sequentially and 32% year-over-year [32] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The automotive market saw over 50% more design wins compared to the previous year, indicating strong growth momentum [20] - Communications infrastructure and data center end market is expected to achieve over 30% year-on-year revenue growth in 2026 [25] - Silicon photonics revenue is projected to nearly double again in 2026, driven by strong customer demand [14] Company Strategy and Development Direction - GlobalFoundries is focusing on three core pillars: technology differentiation, deep customer partnerships, and leveraging a diversified geographical footprint [7] - The company aims to capture opportunities in AI data centers, physical AI, and the need for resilient semiconductor supply chains [12][19] - Significant investments include $16 billion in the U.S. and EUR 1.1 billion in expanding the Dresden facility [11] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about long-term potential, citing record design win momentum and a clear path towards a richer mix of business [25][26] - The company is well-positioned to capitalize on key industry megatrends, including the scaling of AI data centers and the need for diversified semiconductor supply [12][19] - Management expects to maintain a similar quarterly operating expense run rate for the first half of 2026, with gross margin projected at approximately 27% [39] Other Important Information - The board of directors authorized a share repurchase of up to $500 million, reflecting confidence in the company's financial position [37] - The company expects adjusted free cash flow for the full year 2025 to be approximately $1.2 billion, demonstrating strong cash generation capabilities [36] Q&A Session Summary Question: Strategy for silicon photonics and differentiation - Management highlighted the importance of silicon photonics as a critical enabler for AI data centers, emphasizing strong process technology and partnerships [45][46] Question: Strategy regarding quantum computing - Management expressed excitement about quantum computing, focusing on building scalable, fault-tolerant systems and partnerships across various quantum modalities [48][49] Question: Supply chain visibility and CapEx - Management noted strong demand in differentiated technology areas and emphasized capital efficiency in investments, supported by government grants [52][53]
GLOBALFOUNDRIES(GFS) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Presentation
2026-02-11 13:30
Fourth Quarter and Full-Year 2025 Financial Results (unaudited) February 11, 2026 1 Disclaimer - Forward-looking statements and Third-Party Data This presentation and the accompanying oral presentation also contain estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry and business. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We have not i ...
Tower Semiconductor Teams with NVIDIA to Advance AI Infrastructure with 1.6T Data Center Optical Modules
Globenewswire· 2026-02-05 11:30
Core Insights - Tower Semiconductor is enhancing AI infrastructure with high-performance silicon photonics for 1.6T data center optical modules tailored for NVIDIA networking protocols, achieving up to double the data-rate compared to previous solutions, thus improving bandwidth and throughput for optical connectivity [1][2] Company Overview - Tower Semiconductor is a leading foundry specializing in high-value analog semiconductor solutions, focusing on technology, development, and process platforms across various markets including consumer, industrial, automotive, mobile, infrastructure, medical, and aerospace and defense [4] - The company emphasizes sustainable impact through long-term partnerships and innovative analog technology offerings, which include a wide range of customizable process platforms such as SiGe, BiCMOS, mixed-signal/CMOS, RF CMOS, CMOS image sensors, and photonics [4] Technology and Collaboration - The SiPho platform from Tower Semiconductor is optimized for high-speed optical interconnects, positioning the company as a key foundry for leading firms in AI infrastructure, data center networking, and advanced telecom [2] - NVIDIA recognizes the exponential growth of AI as a driver for the need for high-speed, scalable networking, collaborating with Tower Semiconductor to enhance AI infrastructure efficiency through next-generation silicon photonics [2]