Core Viewpoint - The development of humanoid robots faces significant challenges, particularly in creating dexterous hands that can perform complex tasks, which is more difficult than enabling robots to walk or run [3][5]. Group 1: Importance of Dexterous Hands - Dexterous hands are crucial for humanoid robots to interact with tools and environments, representing the "last mile" in making robots practical for human use [5]. - It is estimated that dexterous hands will account for 20%-30% of the total cost of humanoid robots in the long term, making them one of the most important hardware components [5]. Group 2: Technical Aspects of Dexterous Hands - The core components of dexterous hands include mechanical and structural design, which encompasses various aspects such as structure, drive, transmission, sensing, and materials [6]. - The current industry lacks unified technical standards, leading to multiple competing technological routes, particularly in the critical areas of drive, transmission, and sensors [6]. Group 3: Drive Systems - Drive systems serve as the "muscles" of dexterous hands, directly influencing performance and application potential. The main drive methods include electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, and shape memory alloy drives, with electric drives being the most prevalent due to their compact size, quick response, and high stability [8]. Group 4: Transmission Systems - Transmission systems act as the "ligaments and bones" of dexterous hands, responsible for power transmission and structural support. The industry is shifting from single-mode to composite systems, with tendon-driven and composite transmission schemes being the most common [10]. - Early multi-finger dexterous hands primarily used link transmission schemes, which, while strong, were complex and less flexible [10]. Group 5: Sensor Technology - Sensors provide dexterous hands with the ability to perceive their environment, functioning as the "skin" and "nervous system." They are categorized into internal sensors for monitoring the hand's state and external sensors for recognizing object properties [13]. - Tactile sensors have become standard in dexterous hands, with innovations integrating multi-dimensional tactile and AI vision to enhance perception accuracy [13]. Group 6: Market Trends and Players - The global market for dexterous hands is projected to reach $1.7 billion in 2024 and exceed $3 billion by 2030, attracting various players [15][16]. - Players in the market can be categorized into three groups: 1. "Self-research" companies focusing on humanoid robot development, such as Yushu and ZhiYuan [16]. 2. "Vertical new forces" specializing in dexterous hand products, like Lingxin and Lingqiao [16]. 3. "Cross-industry entrants" from upstream components, such as Zhaowei and SuTeng [16]. Group 7: Application Scenarios - Dexterous hands are expanding their applications from traditional fields to emerging sectors, including industrial manufacturing, medical rehabilitation, and daily life services [22][23]. - In industrial manufacturing, dexterous hands enhance flexibility in production lines, particularly in battery assembly for electric vehicles [22]. - In medical rehabilitation, they assist in surgeries and personalized recovery training, providing precision beyond human capabilities [23]. - In daily life, dexterous hands serve as helpful assistants in elder care and hospitality, performing tasks like meal preparation and medication assistance [23]. Group 8: Future Outlook - The evolution of dexterous hands is expected to redefine human-machine collaboration, with advancements in AI promising smarter, more autonomous capabilities [24].