Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Malaysia is on track to achieve high-income status by 2025, driven by rising educational attainment and a rapidly aging population, which raises questions about the future role of migrant workers in the economy [5] - The 12th Malaysia Plan aims to reduce dependency on low-skilled migrant workers, promoting local participation and automation as alternatives [5][20] - The employment of low-skilled migrant workers is linked to lower productivity and wage levels, which may deter innovation and the creation of high-skilled jobs [5][9] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The Malaysian population is becoming increasingly educated, with over 40% of individuals aged 25 and older holding at least a post-secondary education [5] - The aging population necessitates the utilization of all labor sources, including women, youth, and migrant workers, to sustain economic growth [5] 2. Overview of Malaysia's Migration Policies - Malaysia employs a two-tiered work permit system for migrant workers, distinguishing between low-skilled "foreign workers" and high-skilled "expatriates" [11] - Low-skilled workers earn a minimum wage of RM1,500 per month, while high-skilled workers have varying salary levels based on their employment pass categories [11] 3. The Role of Migrant Workers in the Malaysian Labor Market - The share of migrant workers in the labor force has declined from 15.4% in 2013 to 11.6% in 2022, with a significant concentration in low-skilled jobs [28] - Migrant workers make up 44.7% of total employment in low-skilled jobs, while their share in mid- and high-skilled jobs is significantly lower [28] 4. Potential for Automation - The report highlights a generally positive relationship between the employment of migrant workers and the employment outcomes of Malaysian workers, with migrant workers more likely to perform automatable tasks [9] - The adoption of automation technologies is expected to have a substantial impact on Malaysian workers, given their larger share in the workforce [9] 5. Employment Landscape - The structural transformation of Malaysia's economy has led to a decline in agricultural employment from 58% in 1957 to 10.3% in 2021, with a shift towards services [22] - High-skilled jobs accounted for 70% of jobs created between 2013 and 2022, while low-skilled jobs saw a negative growth rate [24] 6. Migrant Worker Demographics - The majority of migrant workers are younger and less educated than Malaysian workers, with 67% having primary education or less [38] - The share of migrant workers aged 15 to 34 is 71.5%, contrasting with 47.3% for Malaysians, reflecting the aging population trend [38] 7. Sectoral Employment - Migrant workers are predominantly employed in sectors requiring low-skilled labor, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and construction [29] - The share of migrant workers in the agriculture sector increased from 21.1% in 2013 to 28.1% in 2022, while the share of citizens in this sector decreased [30]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the carbon markets industry Core Insights - The roadmap emphasizes the need for safe, efficient, and interoperable carbon market infrastructure to mobilize climate finance, particularly in developing countries [22][30] - It identifies critical bottlenecks in market infrastructure that could impede scalability, including unclear governance structures, inadequate information security, and insufficient data interoperability [31][32] - The report outlines three priority areas for action: Ecosystem Governance, Information Security and Transaction Integrity, and Data and Systems Interoperability [42][79] Summary by Sections Ecosystem Governance - The report highlights the complexity and fragmentation of carbon market governance, necessitating clear roles and responsibilities among stakeholders [48][49] - It calls for a comprehensive mapping of the ecosystem to identify inconsistencies and overlaps in roles, which can lead to inefficiencies [49][68] - The CMI WG aims to develop a guidance note to enhance clarity in governance structures and accountability [75][76] Information Security and Transaction Integrity - The report stresses the importance of robust information security measures to protect sensitive data related to carbon credits and transactions [80][85] - It outlines key concepts in information security, including data protection, encryption, and access control [81] - The integrity of transactions is crucial for maintaining trust in the market, requiring adherence to regulatory standards such as KYC and AML [82][84] Data and Systems Interoperability - The report identifies the lack of interoperability among data systems as a significant bottleneck, hindering effective information exchange across platforms [41][42] - It emphasizes the need for harmonization of data formats and standards to enhance transparency and scalability within carbon markets [42][68] - The CMI WG plans to release guidance notes focused on improving data interoperability by June 2025 [44][45]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report highlights a significant decline in government health spending (GHS) per capita across 63 low- and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs) from 2019 to 2023, indicating a troubling trend for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [9][25][26] - The analysis reveals that the average real GHS per capita in LICs fell to approximately US$10.0 in 2023, while in LMICs, it reverted to around US$55, reflecting a broader decline in health spending priorities [56][57] - The report emphasizes the need for increased prioritization of health in government budgets to counteract funding shortfalls and achieve necessary spending levels for health services by 2030 [29][30][31] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report provides an overview of GHS trends from 2019 to 2023, indicating a decline in health spending and its share of general government expenditure (GGE) [25][26] - It underscores the challenges faced by countries in meeting health-related SDGs due to stagnant or declining health budgets [9][32] Trends in Government Spending on Health - The analysis shows that GHS per capita has experienced a steady decline post-pandemic, with average annual growth rates of only 0.4% in LICs and 0.9% in LMICs from 2019 to 2023, compared to pre-pandemic growth rates of 4.2% and 2.4% respectively [59][60] - The GHS-to-GGE ratio has also declined, indicating a reduced prioritization of health within government budgets, particularly in LICs where it fell to 5.6% in 2023 [65][66] Risks to Health Spending Sustainability - The report identifies 35 countries facing significant risks to GHS sustainability, with 32 of these countries experiencing a decline in the share of government spending allocated to health [28][84] - It highlights that future increases in GHS will depend on prioritizing health within government budgets and improving fiscal environments [86]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry [16]. Core Insights - The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) report validates the World Bank Group's Management Action Record (MAR) for FY24, assessing progress on 77 recommendations and proposing the retirement of 18 recommendations, indicating a significant focus on accountability and learning [16][17][61]. - The validation highlights that the Bank Group made swift progress on some recommendations while emphasizing the need for focused follow-up in key areas relevant to Better Bank initiatives [17][61]. Summary by Sections Overview - The MAR system supports accountability, learning, and adaptation for implementing IEG evaluation recommendations, covering evaluations from FY19 to FY23 [16][43]. Validation Framework - The MAR assessment framework includes a five-step process for conducting and validating the MAR, focusing on engagement, evidence collection, and reporting [49][50]. Progress Toward Achieving Intended Outcomes - Of the 77 recommendations tracked, 42 show emerging evidence or a change of direction, with 24 recommendations moving toward retirement in the coming years [61][62]. - Eight recommendations are identified as having limited or constrained progress, requiring senior management engagement [17][61]. Recommendations Proposed for Retirement - IEG proposes to retire 18 recommendations, with 17 demonstrating a change of direction and one showing emerging evidence after four cycles of tracking [18][19][61]. Quality of Evidence - Management's MAR reporting for FY24 builds on previous reports, providing a good standard of evidence and refining techniques to track progress linked to recommendations [65]. Pathways for Implementing Recommendations - The report outlines five pathways for implementing recommendations, emphasizing leadership direction, step-by-step progress, and leveraging institutional momentum [66][67][68].

Funded by the European Union Digital Pathways for Education: Enabling Greater Impact for All Subhashini Rajasekaran, Taskeen Adam, Klaus Tilmes iblic Disclosure Authori olic Disclosure Auth olic Disclosure Authoriz | --- | --- | |---------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

lic Disclosure Autho Disclosure Auth ic Disclosure Author Disclosure Authori LD BANK GROUP DIVERGING FISCAL PRESSURES, UNEVEN CONSTRAINTS Government Health Spending Outlook - Projections Through 2029 Double Shock, Double Recovery Series Government Health Spending Outlook - Projections Through 2029 Diverging Fiscal Pressures, Uneven Constraints Double Shock, Double Recovery Paper Series Christoph Kurowski, Martin Schmidt, David B. Evans, Ajay Tandon, Patrick Hoang-Vu Eozenou, Jewelwayne Salcedo Cain, and Eko ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under evaluation Core Insights - The World Bank Group's commitment to gender equality has been a priority since 2010, with significant engagement and results achieved from FY12 to FY23 [15][60] - The evaluation highlights an increase in gender-relevant projects, with the percentage of projects scoring higher than 15 increasing from 44% in 2012 to 93% in 2023 [16][63] - Despite the increase in quantity, the quality of gender-relevant projects has not seen a proportional improvement, with a notable rise in projects with lower gender relevance [18][19] - The gender tag and gender flag have enhanced awareness and engagement but have incentivized breadth over depth in project design [19][21] - The evaluation identifies a need for a more coherent and strategic country-driven approach to gender equality, emphasizing the importance of integrated operational strategies [22][24] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The evaluation assesses the evolution of World Bank and IFC engagement on gender equality from FY12 to FY23, using the World Development Report 2012 as a conceptual framework [15] 2. Engagement for Gender Equality - The share of gender-relevant projects increased significantly, particularly after the FY16–23 gender strategy was adopted [16][17] - The International Development Association played a crucial role in supporting gender-relevant projects, with a higher share compared to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [16] 3. Lessons Learned on Results - The evaluation finds that most projects do not adequately address the multiple constraints on achieving gender equality, undermining their effectiveness [38] - There is a lack of sufficient gender expertise and resources allocated for effective implementation of gender-related activities [25][27] 4. Conclusions and Recommendations - The report recommends enhancing strategic country engagement, focusing on outcomes, and realigning incentives and resources to better support gender equality objectives [46][49] - It emphasizes the need for a systematic approach to track and account for complex gender results, improving monitoring and evaluation systems [54]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) aims for a vision of a world free of poverty on a livable planet, focusing on various indicators to measure progress towards this goal [5] - The report includes a comprehensive scorecard with 50 indicators across three categories: Vision indicators, Client Context indicators, and WBG Results indicators [1][2] Summary by Relevant Sections Vision Indicators - 9% of the global population lives on less than $2.15 a day, while 46% live on less than $6.85 a day [4] - Global average income shortfall from a prosperity standard of $25/day is 49 [4] - 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to various sectors [4] Client Context Indicators - 58% of the population is covered by social protection programs, with 65% coverage in the poorest quintile [5] - 57% of children cannot read by the end of primary school age, indicating a significant learning poverty issue [5] - 24% of children under five are stunted, highlighting health and nutrition challenges [5] WBG Results Indicators - 222 million beneficiaries of social safety net programs are reported, with an expected increase to 263 million [7] - 381 million people received quality health, nutrition, and population services, with an expected increase to 576 million [7] - 171 million people gained access to electricity, with an expected increase to 482 million [7] Disaggregation by Demographics - Among the beneficiaries of social safety net programs, 122 million are female and 41 million are youth [7] - 305 million students supported with better education, with 146 million being female [7] - 381 million people receiving health services, with 224 million being female [7] Environmental Indicators - 59% of people are exposed to hazardous air quality, indicating a significant environmental health risk [5] - 14% of terrestrial and aquatic areas are protected, which is crucial for biodiversity [5] - 28% of people face food and nutrition insecurity globally [5] Infrastructure and Digital Connectivity - 37% of people have access to reliable transport solutions year-round [5] - 63% of the population uses the internet, indicating a growing digital connectivity [5] - 174 million people benefit from digitally enabled services [5]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the importance of climate action for Moldova's economic growth and resilience, indicating a positive investment outlook in sectors related to climate adaptation and decarbonization [25][27][30]. Core Insights - Moldova's economic growth has been unstable, heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports, and vulnerable to climate risks, necessitating urgent adaptation and decarbonization measures to achieve EU convergence and high-income status [25][26][27]. - Climate action is presented as an opportunity for Moldova to modernize its economy, enhance productivity, and create high-quality jobs, with macroeconomic modeling suggesting that adaptation and decarbonization could increase GDP by 1.3% to 4.6% by 2050 [30][37]. - The report outlines three main opportunities for Moldova: achieving a new growth paradigm, enhancing energy security and efficiency, and building socioeconomic resilience to climate shocks [35][50]. Summary by Sections Climate Commitments, Policies, and Capacities - Moldova's climate policies are crucial for achieving national development priorities and integrating with EU markets, which can enhance private sector productivity and competitiveness [27][36]. - The report highlights the need for significant investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve energy security [28][41]. Policies and Investments to Address Climate and Development Challenges - Investments in climate resilience are essential to mitigate economic losses from climate impacts, particularly in agriculture, which is highly vulnerable to climate change [29][39]. - The report identifies the necessity of adopting climate-smart agriculture practices and improving irrigation systems to enhance agricultural productivity and safeguard rural livelihoods [39][49]. Implications for Poverty, Inclusion, and the Macroeconomic Outlook - Climate adaptation measures are projected to significantly benefit Moldova's agricultural sector, which employs a large portion of the population, by increasing outputs and incomes [39]. - The report indicates that without proactive climate measures, Moldova could face a GDP reduction of up to 2.8% by 2050 due to climate change impacts, particularly affecting rural communities [50].

YEMEN ECONOMIC monitor Confronting Escalating Challenges Fall 2024 IE WORLD BAN olic Disclosure Auth olic Disclosure Autho Pub Yemen Economic Monitor Confronting Escalating Challenges Fall 2024 Global Practice for Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Middle East and North Africa Region © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The fin ...