Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry [9]. Core Insights - The forests in Ghana cover approximately 31% of the country's area, supporting 2.5 million people and meeting 54% of the national energy needs. The estimated cost of deforestation is $400 million, accounting for 0.7% of Ghana's GDP in 2017 [15][29]. - The Ghanaian government has made significant efforts to reduce deforestation and improve forest management, including various initiatives and projects supported by the World Bank [30][32]. - The study estimates the financial and economic profitability of selected land use changes, focusing on the national benefits of forests, particularly water services, rather than global benefits like carbon and biodiversity [16][32]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Ghana's forests are crucial for the economy, providing significant ecosystem services and supporting livelihoods. However, many forests are being converted to other land uses, leading to adverse effects on local communities and the national economy [29][30]. Methodology - The study employs a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) over a 30-year period, using a 7% discount rate to assess the net benefits of selected land use changes from both farmers' and national perspectives [18][40]. Cost-Benefit Analysis Results - In the Pra basin, converting closed forests to single cocoa cultivation yields a net benefit of approximately $1,300 per hectare for farmers. However, when considering the economic value of reduced water availability due to increased sedimentation, the net present value (NPV) can drop to negative values in areas with high sediment transport [19][70]. - In the Volta basin, the net benefit for farmers converting closed forests to maize cultivation is estimated at $1,200 per hectare. Similar to the Pra basin, the economic NPV becomes negative in areas with significant sediment transport [19][71]. Conclusion - The study indicates that while converting closed forests to selected alternative uses is financially attractive for farmers, it can lead to economic losses for the country in areas with high sediment transport. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes could encourage forest conservation in these regions [26][27].

Investment Rating - The report highlights a strong early momentum in mainstreaming Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) into World Bank operations, indicating a positive investment outlook for the sector [11][13]. Core Insights - The NBS Invest initiative aims to accelerate the integration of NBS into development work in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to address climate resilience and adaptation challenges [11][12]. - The initiative has mobilized over $115 million in LDCF funding, combined with $917 million in IDA investments, demonstrating significant financial leverage [12][13]. - NBS solutions are projected to provide better economic benefits compared to traditional infrastructure, with potential job creation and climate adaptation advantages [18][19]. Section Summaries Section 1: Overview - The report covers progress from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2025, focusing on the achievements of the NBS Invest program funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the World Bank [11]. - The initiative is structured around three strategic pillars: building a business case for investment, integrating NBS into World Bank operations, and enhancing knowledge and collaboration [12]. Section 2: Results and Impact - NBS Invest has catalyzed a doubling of project numbers and total financing under the LDCF, with resources mobilized increasing from $94.5 million to $199.9 million from 2001 to 2025 [13][38]. - The initiative has trained 283 stakeholders globally in NBS design and implementation, benefiting over 2,400 individuals [12][13]. Section 3: Impact Stories and Case Studies - The report includes various case studies demonstrating the successful implementation of NBS in different countries, showcasing the potential for environmental and economic benefits [11]. Section 4: Monitoring and Evaluation - The report emphasizes the importance of monitoring and evaluating the impact of NBS investments to ensure effective implementation and adaptation strategies [11]. Section 5: Next Steps - The report outlines strategic priorities for 2026/27, focusing on expanding NBS financing and further integrating NBS into development agendas in LDCs [11][12].

公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 提升腰果行业的卫生和植 物卫生实践及产品质量 由詹姆斯·费茨帕特里克翻译 加纳 阿什维尼·雷卡·塞巴斯蒂安 / 世界银行 © 2025 世界银行 1818 H街西北，华盛顿特区20433 www.worldbank.org 电话：202-473-1000。互联网： 这项工作是世界银行工作人员的成果。本工作中表达的研究结果、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行、其执行董事 会或他们所代表政府的观点。 世界银行不对本作品中包含的数据准确性作保证。本作品中任何地图上所示的国界、颜色、名称及其他信息均不 构成世界银行对任何领土法律地位的任何判断，也不构成对所述国界的认可或接受。 权利和许可 本章内容受版权保护。由于世界银行鼓励其知识的传播，只要充分注明来源，本章内容即可为非商业目的而全部 或部分复制。 归因： 请如下引用此项工作："世界银行，2025年。加纳：改进腰果行业的卫生和植物卫生实践及产品质量。© 2025 世界银行。" 所有关于权利和许可的查询，包括附属权利，应致世界银行出版物，世界银行集团，美国华盛顿特区西 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The rise of digital lending in Indonesia has significantly impacted the financial landscape, with over 40% of borrowers having taken at least one fintech loan by the end of the sample period [3][10] - Digital lenders have expanded financial inclusion by reaching previously unbanked households, although their geographical coverage remains limited and primarily focuses on consumer financing [3][12] - A notable portion of borrowers transitioned from high-interest fintech loans to cheaper conventional credit over time, but high default rates persist among those who initially relied on digital loans [3][13] - Recent regulatory reforms, such as interest rate caps and unified reporting standards for digital and traditional loans, have been assessed for their impact on credit market stability and consumer protection [3][14] Summary by Sections Introduction - Indonesia has made significant progress in financial inclusion, driven by a wave of retail financial product innovations, particularly digital lending since around 2020 [9][10] - The expansion of fintech loans raises questions about their effectiveness in enhancing financial inclusion in underserved urban areas and supporting small business lending [9][10] Data and Methodology - The analysis is based on a unique dataset of over 139,865 anonymized personal credit records from a private credit bureau in Indonesia, covering the period from 2018 to 2024 [22][24] - The dataset allows tracking individual credit histories and understanding the role of fintech loans in the emerging digital financial ecosystem [10][11] Findings on Credit Market Trends - The average borrower in Indonesia has seen a steady increase in credit volume, with significant regional disparities in credit access and borrower characteristics [36][39] - Fintech loans, while growing rapidly, still represent a small portion of total credit, accounting for about 5% of all loans [54][55] - The majority of digital loans are used for consumption rather than productive investments, indicating a potential limitation in supporting economic growth [62][63] Borrower Characteristics and Behavior - Fintech borrowers tend to be younger, more likely to be entrepreneurs, and concentrated in urban areas, contrasting with traditional borrowers [58][59] - Borrowers who start with fintech loans exhibit higher default rates compared to those who begin with traditional loans, with a difference of 5 to 7 percentage points [13][73] Regulatory Impact - Recent regulations aimed at supporting financial inclusion have inadvertently restricted credit access for unbanked households, as lenders shift focus to lower-risk borrowers [14][15] - The report emphasizes the importance of non-traditional credit information in lending to unbanked households, highlighting the role of private credit bureaus [14][15]

Promise, Performance, and Prospects Frontier Market Economies Tommy Chrimes, Philip Kenworthy, Jiwon Lee, Kate McKinnon, Takuma Tanaka, and Hamza Zahid Frontier Market tier Market EconomiesEconomies Economies Economies Promise, Performance, and Prospects Tommy Chrimes, Philip Kenworthy, Jiwon Lee, Kate McKinnon, Takuma Tanaka, and Hamza Zahid e text of this advance edition is part of the report Global Economic Prospects, January 2026 (doi: 10.1596/978- 1-4648-2267-4). A PDF of the %nal book is available at ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Understanding the long-term impact of energy price changes on consumer spending is crucial, as energy prices significantly influence household and business expenditures [20][41] - The analysis utilizes national energy cost shares, a practical indicator measuring the ratio of energy costs to GDP, covering data from 142 countries over 40 years [21][43] - The report highlights a long-term decline in energy cost shares despite rising energy prices, attributed to systematic reductions in energy intensity due to technological advancements and energy efficiency policies [22][23] - Economic growth is associated with a decrease in energy cost shares, with energy prices having a more significant impact on these shares than GDP changes [23][24] - The short-term response to energy price increases is more pronounced, with a 10% rise in energy prices correlating to an approximate 8% increase in energy cost shares in the same year, which eventually stabilizes at around 4.8% [25][26] - The median adjustment period for economies to absorb price increases is about 18 years, indicating a slow adjustment process [26] - Countries exhibit varying capacities to adapt to energy price increases, with high-income nations showing lower long-term price elasticity, suggesting a stronger ability to absorb price shocks [27][28] - Energy efficiency policies play a critical role in mitigating the impact of price increases on cost shares, emphasizing the need for comprehensive energy efficiency frameworks [28][29] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report aims to explore how energy cost shares evolve with changes in energy prices and economic activity, addressing the limited understanding of these dynamics in existing literature [40][41] Dataset Overview - The analysis is based on a comprehensive dataset that includes energy consumption and price data across various sectors and countries, providing a robust foundation for the econometric analysis [51][54] Evolution of Energy Cost Shares - The report presents empirical observations indicating a strong short-term correlation between energy prices and cost shares, which diminishes over time [68][69] - The relationship between energy cost shares and prices varies significantly across different income groups, with lower-income countries showing a more pronounced correlation [74][78] Policy Implications - The findings suggest that targeted energy efficiency policies and fiscal measures can enhance economic resilience to energy price fluctuations, highlighting the importance of tailored reform strategies [29][33][36]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the transport resilience sector, but emphasizes the critical need for investment prioritization and resource allocation to enhance road network resilience against climate hazards [17][18]. Core Insights - Road networks are essential for economic growth and social well-being, but they face increasing risks from aging infrastructure and climate change, necessitating adaptation investments projected to exceed hundreds of billions annually by 2030 [17][18]. - Effective transport resilience analysis has evolved into practical, scalable approaches that can be applied even in data-limited contexts, focusing on multidimensional risks at asset, system, and user levels [18][19]. - The report identifies two key analytical tools: the Global Resilience Index (GRI) for rapid vulnerability assessments and the Hazard & Risk Multi-Regional Assessment (HARMA) for in-depth economic analysis of climate impacts on transport networks [21][22]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report highlights the increasing vulnerability of road networks to climate hazards and the urgent need for strategic investment in resilience measures [17][18]. - It outlines a common sequence of analytical steps for transport resilience assessments, emphasizing the importance of integrating economic analysis into prioritization efforts [19][20]. Resilience Assessment Methodology and Tools - The methodology for resilience assessments includes defining the scope, identifying climate hazards, and employing a five-step analytical framework: mapping exposure, assessing vulnerability, analyzing system criticality, identifying resilience measures, and conducting economic analysis [40][41][49][55]. - The GRI and HARMA models are presented as effective tools for conducting resilience assessments, with GRI focusing on rapid screening and HARMA providing detailed economic evaluations [56][58]. Case Studies - The report includes case studies from the Kyrgyz Republic, Nigeria, Pakistan, Brazil, and Malawi, showcasing practical applications of resilience analysis tools and their impact on investment prioritization and infrastructure planning [64][66][68]. - In the Kyrgyz Republic, a GRI application identified high-risk corridors for intervention, while Nigeria's assessment estimated significant repair costs from flooding, highlighting the need for targeted resilience investments [65][82]. - Pakistan's HARMA application demonstrated the tool's capability to assess network criticality and prioritize investments based on climate risks, while Brazil's integration of resilience analysis into operational processes exemplified effective implementation [66][67].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the health sector in low- and lower middle-income countries (LLMICs) but emphasizes the need for increased government health spending to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [8]. Core Insights - The report outlines pathways for LLMICs to expand government health spending amidst fiscal constraints, declining external support, and rising competition for public resources [8]. - It highlights that government health expenditure (GHE) per capita in LLMICs doubled in real terms from US$24 in 2000 to US$46 in 2022, but growth has significantly slowed since 2009 [30][31]. - The report identifies institutional, technical, and operational challenges that hinder the mobilization of government financing for health [40][41]. Summary by Sections Part A: Heed the Signs - Government health spending per capita in LLMICs has slowed markedly, with annual increases dropping from nearly 6% (2000-2009) to just 2% (2009-2019) [64]. - In 2022, average government health spending was US$16 per capita in low-income countries (LICs) and US$60 in LLMICs, falling short of the US$70 and US$90 benchmarks needed for UHC [67]. - Nearly half of LLMICs are projected to face stagnation or declines in government health spending due to high debt obligations and competition for resources [68]. Part B: Mind the Returns - The report emphasizes the economic, social, and political returns of investing in health, which are often overlooked due to their complexity and preventive nature [33][35]. - It discusses how government decision-making is centralized, limiting the role of health ministries and leading to fragmented health sectors [34]. Part C: Raise the Game - The report suggests that countries can elevate health as a political priority through policy reforms and institutional changes [41][42]. - It outlines the importance of collaboration between ministries of health and finance to improve budget formulation and execution [41][44]. Part D: Shift the Course - The fiscal pivot pathways proposed in the report include political economy strategies and technical measures to enhance government health spending [40][48]. - The report stresses the need for sustained commitment to health investments despite the challenges posed by external pressures and internal constraints [48].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the judiciary sector in Nepal, but it emphasizes the importance of sustained financial investment for the digital transformation process. Core Insights - The judiciary of Nepal, led by the Supreme Court, is prioritizing digital transformation to enhance service delivery and address constraints in justice services, as outlined in its five-year strategic plans and ICT Masterplan [16][20][37]. - The readiness assessment identifies three strategic pillars for digital transformation: organizations and processes, people and skills, and applications, technology, and infrastructure, which are essential for a successful transformation [18][41]. - The report highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that includes technological advancements, organizational changes, capacity building, and effective communication strategies to achieve a more efficient and transparent justice system [34]. Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Introduction - The judiciary has been integrating digital technologies since 2004, with digital transformation being a key agenda in the 5th Five-Year Strategic Plan (2024–2029) [37][38]. - The assessment aims to identify policy issues and operational options for effective digital transformation, providing input to the Supreme Court's strategic plan [38]. Chapter 2: Pillar 1 – Organization and Processes - This pillar outlines the context for ICT integration in the judiciary, emphasizing access, transparency, accountability, and the legal framework necessary for digital transformation [51][52]. - The Supreme Court's ICT Masterplan aims to unify disparate case management systems and replace paper-based processes with a centralized digital system [59][60]. Chapter 3: Pillar 2 – People and Skills - The assessment analyzes staffing conditions and training needs for judicial staff to support ICT reforms, highlighting the importance of human resources in effective institutional performance [43]. Chapter 4: Pillar 3 – Applications, Technology, and Infrastructure - This pillar reviews the technological status of the judiciary, focusing on case processing, automation, and cybersecurity, and emphasizes the need for improved infrastructure and interoperability [44][60]. Chapter 5: Recommendations for Accelerating Digital Transformation - The report provides eight key recommendations, including advancing business process re-engineering, developing an enterprise architecture, strengthening information management, modernizing IT resources, digitalizing judicial services, enhancing cybersecurity, implementing a capacity-building program, and formulating a change management strategy [24][25][26][27][28][30][31][33].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The Rapid Social Response (RSR) program has evolved over 15 years to build social protection systems that address pressing development challenges, initially launched in response to the global financial crisis of 2008 [19][20] - The program has supported nearly 100 countries, mobilizing over $17 billion in operational financing and reaching 176.1 million people [24][29] - RSR has transitioned from crisis response to a focus on long-term resilience and economic inclusion, with a goal to reach 500 million people with social protection and employment support by 2030 [14][25] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - RSR has helped countries build social protection systems to confront development challenges, catalyzing over $17 billion in financing through 420 grants [19][24] - The program has adapted to new challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and has focused on building resilient systems that can absorb shocks [21][25] RSR Phase One: Crisis Response Through Catalytic Action - RSR provided support to 42 low-income countries, protecting 1.58 billion vulnerable people from crises [56] - The program focused on establishing safety nets, maintaining access to essential services, and generating knowledge for policy [58][60] RSR Phase Two: Expand Social Protection and Advance Labor Market Inclusion - RSR evolved to strengthen national social protection systems and improve labor opportunities for marginalized groups [77][82] - The program introduced digital tools and behavioral insights to enhance service delivery and program outcomes [78][82] Strong Foundations for Effective Social Protection Systems - RSR catalyzed innovation in social protection systems, expanded coverage, and ensured inclusivity [85] - Targeted investments in delivery systems and economic inclusion can transform long-term development outcomes [85] Boost Women's Access to Jobs - RSR initiatives have reduced gender gaps in economic opportunity and increased women's participation in the labor force [96] - Programs have addressed structural barriers limiting women's access to jobs and financial systems [96][98] Comprehensive Solutions to Gender-Based Violence - RSR has supported integrated approaches to combat gender-based violence, promoting gender equality through social protection [111][114] - The program has developed tools to leverage safety nets for GBV prevention, emphasizing community engagement [117][118] Deliver Food and Nutrition Security through Stronger Social Protection Systems - RSR has promoted integrated, nutrition-sensitive social protection to improve food and nutrition outcomes [123] - The program has shifted towards data-driven approaches to enhance service delivery and accountability in food security initiatives [124]