Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the hydropower industry Core Insights - Sustainably developed hydropower is essential for achieving climate and development goals, providing low-cost, low-carbon electricity and supporting the integration of variable renewable energy [18][29] - Significant investments are required to scale up hydropower capacity, with an estimated annual investment of $138 billion needed until 2050, while current investments average only $9.7 billion per year [19][30] - Private sector participation is primarily in small hydropower projects, with limited involvement in large projects, particularly in middle-income countries [20][38] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Hydropower plays a crucial role in meeting electricity demand and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 by ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030 [18][29] Private Sector Participation in Hydropower - Private sector involvement is concentrated in small-scale projects, with 70% of plants commissioned between 2000 and 2020 being privately owned, while public ownership accounts for over 70% of global installed capacity [20][38] - The private sector's focus is on greenfield projects, with limited engagement in brownfield projects due to regulatory uncertainties [20][42] Survey on Private Sector Participation - A survey of 23 stakeholders indicated a strong interest in hydropower development, particularly in small-scale, low-impact projects, but highlighted barriers such as regulatory uncertainty and high initial costs [21][22] Stakeholder Perspectives of Risks and Opportunities - Key risks identified include political change, environmental and social issues, technical challenges, and financial risks, which hinder private sector participation in large hydropower projects [22][67] Development Finance Institutions Role - Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are crucial in creating a conducive environment for private sector participation, de-risking project preparation, and promoting innovative financing solutions [27][28]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Croatia is a high-income country with solid macroeconomic fundamentals, experiencing accelerated income convergence with the EU, with GDP per capita increasing from 64.8% of the EU27 average in 2018 to 76% in 2023 [14][43] - Economic growth averaged 3.5% from 2018 to 2023, supported by strong export performance and fiscal measures post-COVID-19 [14][39] - The country faces structural challenges, including demographic decline, low labor productivity, and public sector inefficiencies, which could hinder long-term growth [17][19][20] Summary by Sections 1. Updated Country Context - Croatia has made significant progress in economic growth and inclusion since joining the EU in 2013, with a large services sector where tourism accounts for nearly 25% of GDP [32][33] - The economy has shifted from domestic demand-driven growth to export-led growth, with exports rising from 39% of GDP in 2012 to 54% in 2023 [16][35] 2. Constraints to Sustainable Growth - Public sector inefficiencies and weak institutional capacity hinder service delivery and governance, with Croatia lagging behind the EU average in regulatory quality and corruption control [19][20] - Demographic challenges, including a declining population and low labor market participation, particularly among marginalized groups, pose significant risks to labor supply [20][21] - The education system's shortcomings contribute to a low skills base, affecting long-term productivity and growth potential [21][23] 3. Priorities for Improvement - Effective public service delivery is crucial, requiring improvements in public administration and the justice sector [26][27] - Enhancing human capital and social protection is necessary to increase labor force participation and improve educational outcomes [28] - Promoting better-paid jobs through higher productivity involves supporting private sector innovation and improving the business environment [29] - Environmental sustainability and a green transition are essential for long-term growth, necessitating investments in renewable energy and waste management [30][31]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The study aims to support Lagos State in reducing marine plastic pollution through sustainable plastic management, targeting various stakeholders including government and private sector actors [3][10] - The project aligns with Nigeria's National Policy on Solid Waste Management and Lagos State Development Plan 2052, focusing on economic opportunities, environmental sustainability, and job creation in waste management [3][10] - The report emphasizes the need for improved solid waste management (SWM) practices to address the challenges posed by increasing waste generation in Lagos, particularly plastic waste [46][47] Summary by Sections Overview of the Study - The study enhances understanding and builds capacity in Lagos State to improve SWM and reduce marine plastic pollution by promoting sustainable plastic management practices based on the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle [49][51] - It includes sectoral analyses on emissions from municipal solid waste, quantification of plastic waste in healthcare facilities, and waste characterization studies [52] Solid Waste Generation and Management in Lagos State - Key challenges identified include lack of household waste segregation, insufficient awareness of waste separation, and excessive use of plastic packaging [54] - Recommendations include increasing private sector involvement, awareness campaigns, and providing separate waste bins [54][57] Plastic Waste Management in Lagos State - The report highlights that while plastic waste recycling has begun, challenges such as high investment requirements and access to funding persist [58] - It recommends government support for companies involved in plastic recycling and the adaptation of business models to incorporate recyclable materials [58] Financial and Economic Analyses - The report discusses the financial challenges faced by the SWM sector, including inadequate funding and poor service delivery from private sector participants [57] - It suggests adopting a clearly defined private sector partnership model and increasing funding from both government and private sectors [57] Roadmap Recommendations - The report provides a roadmap for sustainable SWM in Nigeria and Lagos State, emphasizing the need for stringent regulations and engagement with the informal sector [56][57] - It calls for the introduction of monitoring mechanisms and guidelines to enhance compliance with existing laws [56]

Industry Overview - The report focuses on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, particularly Egypt, where public sector employment is disproportionately high, with 22% of total employment in the public sector (18% for men and 42% for women) [11] - The public sector in Egypt employs a significant share of highly educated workers, with 25% of men and two-thirds of women with college education working in the public sector [11] - The study develops a general equilibrium model to analyze the optimal size of the public sector and the public sector premium, which is the wage premium paid to public sector workers compared to private sector workers [5] Core Findings - Aligning the public sector premium with its optimal level could result in aggregate efficiency gains of 12% for output per worker and 8% for total factor productivity (TFP) in Egypt [5] - The optimal public sector premium is positive for women but approaches zero for men, preventing a shift of mid-high-level skilled women from the public sector to non-market activities and a contraction of the male entrepreneurial sector [5] - A reduced female public sector premium fosters greater female labor force participation in market activities through an expansion of the female entrepreneurial sector, which increases the demand for production labor and drives wages up [5] Model Insights - The model incorporates three sectors: private, public, and home production, with women having the option to engage in home production [9] - In the private sector, individuals can run their own businesses or work as production workers, while in the public sector, individuals are employed as production workers or managers, with managerial roles receiving a gender-specific premium [10] - The optimal size of the public sector depends on the efficiency level of public goods in increasing the productivity of the private sector, with higher elasticity of private output to public goods leading to a larger optimal public sector size [8] Calibration and Results - The model is calibrated using data from Egypt, where public sector employment is significantly higher than the average of 108 non-MENA economies [11] - Reducing the public sector premium from the current level to the optimal level would decrease the size of the public sector from 22% to about 8% and increase female entrepreneurial activities [13] - The optimal talent allocation in Egypt requires a decrease in the average public sector premium from 22% to 13%, with the premium remaining positive for women and close to zero for men [13] Efficiency Gains - The study shows that reducing the public sector premium and the size of the public sector to their optimal levels yields aggregate efficiency gains of 12% for output per worker and 8% for TFP in Egypt [12] - The lower the elasticity of private sector output to public goods, the higher the productivity gains from reducing the public sector premium and the share of public sector employment [12] - The optimal public sector premium and employment share vary by gender, with women requiring a higher premium and a larger share of public sector employment compared to men to maximize aggregate productivity [92]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the financial sector in Yemen, but it highlights the critical need for reforms and regulatory frameworks to stabilize the sector and promote economic recovery [17][28]. Core Insights - The Yemeni economy is heavily reliant on cash due to years of conflict, which has hindered the development of formal banking and financial infrastructure, leading to limited financial inclusion and widespread informality [17][18]. - The ongoing conflict has resulted in two parallel central banks, creating inconsistencies in regulatory standards and complicating compliance for financial institutions [19][20]. - Money exchangers have become increasingly important in the Yemeni economy, providing essential financial services and credit that traditional banks are unable to offer due to liquidity constraints and operational challenges [22][26]. - The demand for credit in Yemen significantly exceeds supply, with estimates suggesting that the demand is 5 to 8 times greater than the available credit, highlighting a critical gap in financial access for businesses [28]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report emphasizes the deepening reliance on cash in Yemen's economy and the limitations of the formal banking sector, which has led to a significant portion of economic activity occurring outside the regulatory framework [17][18]. Chapter 1: The Central Bank - The chapter discusses the dual central banking system in Yemen, with CBY-Aden recognized internationally and CBY-Sana'a under Houthi control, leading to regulatory inconsistencies and challenges in compliance [19][20]. Chapter 2: The Banking Sector - The banking sector's limited footprint is highlighted, with a significant decline in risk-weighted assets and a shift towards government securities, indicating a state of financial repression [21]. - The introduction of an anti-usury law poses additional challenges for traditional banks, potentially diminishing their role in the economy [21]. Chapter 3: Money Transfer & Exchange Services - Money exchangers have emerged as key players in the financial landscape, providing services that banks cannot, and their liquidity-focused business model gives them an advantage in the cash-dominated economy [22][26]. - The chapter underscores the need for regulatory frameworks to oversee money exchangers, as their unregulated status poses risks to financial stability [23][24]. Chapter 4: Access to Finance - The report identifies significant barriers to credit access for firms, with a focus on the unmet demand for credit and the role of microfinance institutions in filling some gaps [28]. - Recommendations include promoting digital financial services and improving credit guarantee schemes to enhance access to finance for SMEs [32].

Policy Research Working Paper 10964 Yielding Insights Machine Learning-Driven Imputations to Filling Agricultural Data Gaps Ismaël Yacoubou Djima Marco Tiberti Talip Kilic WORLD BANK GROUP Development Economics Development Data Group November 2024 lic Disclosure Authori ic Disclosure Authori Policy Research Working Paper 10964 Abstract This paper addresses the challenge of missing crop yield data in large-scale agricultural surveys, where crop-cutting, the most accurate method for yield measurement, is ofte ...

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The paper emphasizes the interdependence of product market regulations (PMR) and labor market regulations (LMR), highlighting the necessity for tailored approaches to labor market promotion rather than uniform policies [2][9] - It identifies that PMR can enhance competition, leading to increased productivity and consumer welfare, while also positively impacting employment and wages [11][12] - The review underscores the importance of understanding the interactions between PMR and LMR for effective policy-making aimed at improving labor market outcomes [19][21] Summary by Sections Introduction - The introduction outlines the significance of regulations in shaping efficient and inclusive labor markets, focusing on the impacts of PMR and LMR on labor market outcomes [8] Methodology - The methodology section clarifies that the review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of how PMR and LMR affect various labor market outcomes across different contexts [26] Product Market Regulations - PMR significantly influence labor market outcomes by altering competition levels, which in turn affects employment demand and wage dynamics [41][42] - The review discusses various types of PMR, including those that promote competition and those that liberalize firm operations, and their implications for labor market conditions [23][36] Labor Market Regulations - The effects of LMR, such as minimum wage laws and employment protection legislation, are analyzed, showing their impact on living standards, productivity, and social cohesion [24][15] - Evidence suggests that binding LMR can enhance job security but may also have mixed effects on wages and productivity [16][17] Interaction between PMR and LMR - The report highlights the need for coherent design of PMR and LMR reforms, as their interactions can either mitigate or exacerbate labor market responses to regulatory changes [19][20] - It emphasizes that the effectiveness of PMR and LMR is context-dependent, varying by country and market conditions [35][44] Conclusion - The conclusion reiterates the importance of understanding the complex relationships between PMR and LMR to formulate effective labor market policies [25]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Lead paint exposure is a significant public health issue in Indonesia, with approximately 27,000 deaths attributed to lead poisoning in 2019 and 44.8% of Indonesians living in homes with lead paint as of December 2023 [2][14] - The prevalence of lead paint is particularly high among children, with about 10.2 million children aged five or younger living in homes with lead paint, and 14.1% of these children at risk of severe exposure due to deteriorating paint [2][14] - The economic impact of lead exposure in Indonesia is substantial, costing between $32 billion and $64 billion annually, which is equivalent to 0.8% to 1.7% of the national income [12][21] Summary by Sections Introduction - Lead is identified as the most damaging environmental toxin, with Indonesia being one of the most affected countries. The report highlights the severe long-term impacts of lead exposure on children's cognitive development and overall health [5][22] Health Impact - The report estimates that lead exposure results in significant health costs, including 1.7 million deaths globally and 40.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost annually. In Indonesia, lead exposure is responsible for 500,000 to 1 million DALYs lost each year [6][10] Lead Paint Prevalence - A nationally representative survey found that 44.8% of Indonesians live in homes with lead paint, with the highest prevalence in the Maluku & Papua region at 77% [14][43] - The survey indicates that 77% of popular paint brands tested contained unsafe levels of lead, with no paint colors found to be systematically lead-free [19][21] Socioeconomic Disparities - The report highlights significant socioeconomic disparities in lead paint exposure, with poorer households more likely to have lead paint in poor condition, leading to higher risks of lead poisoning [48][49] Economic Analysis - The report suggests that investments in lead paint pollution control measures could yield high returns, with estimates of return on investment ranging from 17 to 221 times [13][12] Conclusion - The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory measures to address lead paint exposure in Indonesia, as the current voluntary guidelines are insufficient to protect public health [21][19]

授权公开披露 授权公开披露 授权公开披露 授权公开披露 学习贫困监测系列技术说明 5 5 | --- | --- | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------| | | | | | | | 学习贫困更新和修订 什么是新的 ？ | | | | | | 2024 年 4 月 | | | | | | Marie-Hélène Cloutier, Koen Martijn Geven, Halsey Rogers, Sheena Fazili, Yi Ning Wo ng, Maryam Ak ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Senegal has experienced significant economic growth, with GDP growth rates increasing from an average of 2.5% (2008-2013) to over 6.0% (2014-2019) due to favorable external conditions and strong performance in various sectors [23][24] - Despite growth, challenges such as high poverty rates (37.5% as of 2019) and income inequality persist, with the wealthiest 10% consuming 46% more than the poorest 40% [24] - The country is highly vulnerable to climate change, with projected temperature increases of 1.05°C to 1.15°C by 2050 and significant impacts on agriculture, which is crucial for the economy [31][33] - Senegal aims to transition to a low-carbon economy, with a Long-Term Vision (LTV) 2050 that emphasizes structural transformation and resilience [25][29] Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Climate Change and Development - Senegal's economy has grown rapidly, driven by foreign direct investment and strong performance in agriculture and industry [23] - Poverty and income inequality remain high, with structural vulnerabilities exacerbated by external shocks and climate change [24][29] Chapter 2: Climate Readiness - The report highlights the need for institutional coordination and climate-related legislation to enhance climate readiness [8][9] Chapter 3: Scaling Up Climate Action - The agricultural sector's low productivity and vulnerability to climate change necessitate significant investment in adaptation measures [28][29] Chapter 4: Engaging the Energy Transition - Senegal's energy transition strategy includes leveraging natural gas as a transitional power source while expanding renewable energy capacity [28][29] Chapter 5: Rationale for a Climate-Resilient, Low-Carbon Development Trajectory - The high cost of climate inaction is emphasized, with potential GDP losses projected due to climate impacts [29][30] Chapter 6: Financing Climate Action - The report discusses various financing sources and instruments to mobilize funding for climate action, including market-based instruments and concessional finance [6][9]