Policy Research Working Paper 10869 Micro-Level Impacts of the War on Ukraine's Agriculture Sector Distinguishing Local and National Effects over Time Klaus Deininger Daniel Ayalew Ali Nataliia Kussul Guido Lemoine Andrii Shelestov Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Development Economics Development Research Group August 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10869 Abstract This paper uses remotely sensed and farm-level data to ass ...

Public Disclosure AuthorizedECONOMIC UPDATE TANZANIA Harnessing the Opportunity for a Climate-Smart and Competitive Livestock Sector in Tanzania Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Issue 21 2024 Tanzania Economic Update Harnessing the Opportunity for a Climate-Smart and Competitive Livestock Sector in Tanzania Issue 21 2024 THE WORLD BANK GROUP | EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION MACROECONOMICS, TRADE AND INVESTMENT GLOBAL PRACTICE © 2024 International Bank f ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS DISCUSSION PAPER No. 2406 | JUNE 2024 Safety Nets in Contexts of Violence, Fragility and Forced Displacement: The Case of Burkina Faso and Cameroon Anne Della Guardia, Milli Lake, and Mira Saidi © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1 (202) 473 1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the food fortification industry Core Insights - Food fortification is a critical strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies globally, with an estimated 2 billion people affected by such deficiencies [5][6] - The cost-benefit ratio of food fortification interventions is approximately 1:30, indicating significant societal benefits [6][14] - Mandatory fortification of staple foods has proven effective in improving population nutrient status [12] Overview of Food Fortification - Food fortification involves adding nutrients to food to combat deficiencies due to inadequate dietary diversity [4] - The practice has evolved over nearly a century, with early initiatives addressing public health concerns related to micronutrient deficiencies [5] Historical Context - The first recorded instance of food fortification dates back to 400 B.C. [5] - Switzerland was the first country to fortify salt with iodine in 1923, leading to widespread adoption of fortification practices globally [5][6] Types of Food Fortification - Fortification can restore lost nutrients, add absent nutrients, or standardize nutrient content in food products [8] - Common vehicles for fortification include vegetable oils, cereals, and condiments [26][36][49] Public-Private Sector Partnership - Successful food fortification requires collaboration among government, private sector, NGOs, and academia [9] - Governments set standards and regulations, while the private sector drives innovation in fortification practices [9] Key Considerations for Food Fortification - Essential requirements include reliable consumption data, compliance with technical standards, and effective quality assurance processes [11] - Promotion and social marketing are crucial for encouraging the consumption of fortified foods [11][18] Economic Considerations - Understanding the costs involved in food fortification across the value chain is vital for sustainability [14] - Stakeholders must share the financial burden to ensure successful implementation of fortification programs [14] Safety of Fortified Foods - No documented evidence of toxicity from fortified foods produced under official standards [15] - Risks of under-fortification and contamination exist, necessitating strict quality control measures [15] Consumer Acceptance & Regulatory Standards - Fortified foods are considered "credence goods," relying on producers and regulatory agencies for quality assurance [17] - Adherence to guidelines is essential to avoid negative sensory impacts on fortified products [16] Fortification in Specific Sectors - Vegetable oils are ideal for fortification with vitamins A and D due to their high lipid content and consumption rates [26][28] - Cereal grains, particularly wheat and maize, are widely fortified to combat micronutrient malnutrition [36][37] - Packaged and processed foods, including condiments, are increasingly recognized as suitable vehicles for fortification [49] Fortification Techniques - Various methods exist for fortifying rice, including rinse-resistant coating and extrusion, with the latter being more effective [43] - Fortification of sugar has been implemented in limited regions, primarily in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa [51]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The Hybrid Social Protection Scheme (HSPS) aims to enhance crisis resilience among vulnerable households in Pakistan by promoting savings and financial inclusion through a contributory savings model with government matching incentives [15][35][36]. - The study highlights that financial literacy, digital inclusion, and family support are critical drivers of saving behavior, while loans and lack of self-control negatively impact savings [15][36]. - The pilot program targets 150,000 individuals from poor households, requiring a minimum contribution of PKR 1,500 every three months, with a government matching incentive of 40% [35][36]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Pakistan has invested in social protection initiatives for over a decade, including cash transfer programs managed by the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) [21][22]. - The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for enhanced resilience among vulnerable populations, particularly those in the informal sector [23][24]. Objectives and Design of the Savings Scheme - The HSPS aims to smooth consumption during economic hardships, promote saving behavior, and enhance financial inclusion through bank savings accounts [34][35]. - The scheme includes a two-year pilot with matching contributions to encourage savings among participants [35][36]. Quantitative Analysis - The analysis reveals that only 28% of respondents save money, with the majority saving approximately 8% of their income [61][62]. - Trust in formal financial institutions is a significant barrier to saving, with many respondents expressing a preference for informal saving methods [62]. Qualitative Analysis - Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) indicate that beneficiaries recognize the importance of saving but face challenges due to low disposable income and financial literacy [61][62]. - The qualitative insights support the need for training and awareness initiatives to improve financial and digital literacy among participants [58][62].

Financial Market Developments - Financial conditions eased modestly, with lower long-term interest rates and higher equity prices, providing neither a headwind nor tailwind to growth[1] - Nominal Treasury yields declined, with shorter-term yields decreasing more than longer-term yields, leading to a steepening of the yield curve[2] - The effective federal funds rate remained unchanged at 5¼ to 5½ percent, while repo rates edged higher due to increased demand for financing Treasury securities[5] Economic Indicators - U.S. economic activity advanced solidly but at a slower pace than in the second half of 2023, with GDP growth noticeably slower than the average pace in 2023[7][9] - Consumer price inflation was 2.5 percent in June, with core PCE inflation at 2.6 percent, indicating inflation remains somewhat elevated[7] - The unemployment rate rose to 4.1 percent in June, with job gains moderating and labor market conditions easing[8][25] Policy Outlook - Market expectations indicate a first rate cut at the September FOMC meeting, with at least one more cut later in the year and further easing next year[2] - Participants noted that inflation had eased but remained above the 2 percent target, with recent data suggesting progress toward this objective[33][39] - The Committee agreed to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 5¼ to 5½ percent, emphasizing the need for greater confidence in sustainable inflation reduction before any rate cuts[37][43]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The partnership between marketing and security is crucial for preserving brand trust amid increasing data privacy and security concerns. A third of marketing-security partnerships are not collaborating effectively, which poses risks to brand reputation [4][5][7]. Section Summaries Section 1: Collaboration & Alignment - Marketers are increasingly seeking customer data from various sources, especially with the decline of cookies. This trend is compounded by the rise of AI technologies like ChatGPT, which require more robust data security measures [4][5]. - Effective collaboration between Chief Marketing Officers (CMOs) and Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) is essential to safeguard customer data and maintain brand trust [4][6]. - The study indicates that 33% of marketers feel security organizations are hesitant to collaborate, highlighting a significant gap in partnership effectiveness [5][6]. Section 2: Sound Off - Expert commentary emphasizes the need for a proactive and strategic relationship between marketing and security to navigate the complexities introduced by AI and data privacy [5][61]. Section 3: Marketing's Perspective on Threats - Security breaches are a major concern for marketers, with 77% of security decision-makers reporting at least one data breach in the past year. The report notes an 8.2 billion record breach globally in 2023, with a 20% increase in data breaches in the US from 2022 to 2023 [14][16]. - Two-thirds of marketers prioritize security breaches in their planning and investment decisions [14]. Section 4: Initiatives, Campaigns, MarTech - The report highlights a collaboration gap, with only 35% of marketing-security partnerships engaging during campaign planning. This lack of early involvement can lead to increased risks [20][22]. - Key recommendations include understanding data collection purposes and ensuring security is integrated into marketing strategies from the outset [22]. Section 5: Capabilities: Brand, Data, CX, EX - Organizations that foster collaboration between marketing and security see significant improvements in brand reputation, actionable data insights, customer experience, and employee experience [25][30]. - For instance, 46% of willing partnerships reported being "very satisfied" with their ability to preserve brand reputation, compared to only 1% of less willing partnerships [26]. Section 6: Marketing-Security Relationship Strength by Industry - Industries such as Financial Services, Health/Pharmaceuticals, and High Tech emphasize the importance of the marketing-security relationship to protect brand reputation [37]. - The report suggests tailoring the marketing-security partnership to the specific needs of each industry to maximize effectiveness [37]. Section 7: Overcoming Obstacles - Misaligned priorities and inadequate communication are significant barriers to effective collaboration between marketing and security [38][39]. - Regular communication and joint meetings can help bridge these gaps and foster a more collaborative environment [39][41].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the food and beverage industry Core Insights - The food and beverage sector experienced a decline in brand value by 4%, totaling approximately USD 268 billion, primarily due to consumer preference shifting towards smaller, private label brands [19][20] - Nestlé remains the most valuable food brand with a brand value of USD 20.8 billion, despite a 7% decrease from the previous year [19][33] - Lay's has risen to become the second-most valuable food brand with a brand value of USD 12 billion, reflecting a 9% increase [19][23] - The convenience food segment is projected to grow significantly, with global sales expected to reach around USD 839 billion by 2028, driven by younger consumers [24] - Viterra recorded the largest brand value growth of 37%, reaching USD 1.1 billion, supported by an increase in its Brand Strength Index (BSI) [26] - Amul and Hershey's both hold an AAA+ brand strength rating, with Amul's brand value increasing by 11% to USD 3.3 billion [27][29] Summary by Sections Brand Value Rankings - The top three food brands are Nestlé (USD 20.8 billion), Lay's (USD 12 billion), and Yili (USD 11.6 billion) [19][33] - The overall brand value of the food and beverage sector has decreased, indicating challenges for established brands [20][21] Brand Strength and Sustainability - Nestlé has the highest Sustainability Perceptions Value at USD 1.4 billion, while Lay's has the highest Positive Gap Value of USD 67 million [29][30] - Coca-Cola leads the non-alcoholic drinks sector with a brand value of USD 35 billion, reflecting a 5% increase [36][38] - Nongfu Spring achieved the largest brand value growth in the non-alcoholic drinks category, doubling its value to USD 8.3 billion [40]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under discussion Core Insights - The paper examines the role of additionality for environmental integrity under Article 6.2 approaches, emphasizing that additionality may serve as a risk management tool rather than a binary decision-making criterion [8][9][12] - It highlights the importance of ensuring that internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) do not lead to a net increase in global emissions, aligning with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) [9][10][36] - The report suggests that the host country must assess and decide how much and which mitigation outcomes it wishes to sell to achieve its NDC commitments without overselling [39] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - Article 6.2 approaches must contribute to achieving NDCs while ensuring environmental integrity [9] - Environmental integrity is defined as the ability to transfer mitigation outcomes without increasing global emissions [9] 2. Role of Additionality in Earlier Market-Based Mechanisms - Additionality has historically been judged as a yes/no dichotomy, with methods varying across mechanisms like Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) [8][12] - The report discusses how additionality testing has evolved and its implications for current mechanisms [12][15] 3. Considerations for the Role of Additionality for Article 6.2 Approaches - The report analyzes the characteristics of Article 6.2 in comparison to other market mechanisms, noting its similarities with JI and International Emission Trading (IET) [25][27] - It emphasizes that additionality should not be a strict requirement but rather a tool for managing risks associated with overselling and ensuring environmental integrity [31][33] 4. Relationship between Environmental Integrity and Additionality for Article 6.2 - Environmental integrity under Article 6.2 is broader than additionality under CDM, focusing on the alignment of mitigation actions with NDC commitments [37][38] - The report suggests that if NDCs are rigorously defined, additionality testing may not be necessary for A6.2 actions [37] 5. Transition Period to Streamlined Additionality - The report proposes a transition period where activity-specific methods are used to define a below-BAU scenario as the baseline/reference level [43][44] - It advocates for continuous improvement of NDCs and regular updates to enhance transparency and ambition in the context of A6.2 activities [44]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's activities in Cambodia Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived as a long-term partner in Cambodia, with improved ratings for flexibility, openness, responsiveness, and staff accessibility compared to previous years [34][41] - Stakeholders from the private sector have more positive perceptions of the WBG, particularly regarding its effectiveness and influence [22][23] - Familiarity with the WBG has significantly increased among respondents, with a mean familiarity rating of 6.7 in FY24 compared to 5.8 in FY21 [15][18] Summary by Sections Overall Context - Stakeholders emphasize the need for the WBG to promote inclusive dialogue and shift its focus beyond poverty reduction as Cambodia transitions to an upper middle-income country [11] Key Indicators - The WBG's relevance to development in Cambodia received high ratings, with significant improvements noted in its perceived effectiveness in shaping development policy and achieving results [20] Development Priorities - In FY24, education, jobs, and agriculture/food security emerged as top priorities for WBG focus, with increased emphasis on climate change and social protection compared to FY21 [31] Engagement on the Ground - The WBG is seen as effectively collaborating with the national government and other development partners, with calls for increased collaboration with sub-national governments and the private sector [41][45] Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Respondents value the WBG's knowledge and analytical products highly, with 48% indicating these as the most valuable, followed closely by financial resources at 46% [50] Future Role of the World Bank Group - Stakeholders suggest that the WBG should align more closely with the Royal Government's strategies and expand support for sub-national government activities to address urban-rural poverty gaps [60] Communication and Outreach - There is a need for better communication channels and increased awareness of the WBG's work among the general population [61] Sample Demographics and Methodology - The survey included 410 potential participants, achieving a 45% response rate with a diverse representation from various sectors, including government institutions and civil society organizations [8][9]