Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Race - The core equation for achieving intelligence is "Compute + Data = Intelligence" [1] - The report questions what is preventing China from achieving AGI first [1] Key Resources for AGI - China possesses significant electricity generation capacity to power GPUs, which in turn drives compute [1] - The report raises the question of what data sources China is utilizing to train its models [1]

Partnerships - The company acknowledges key partnerships with Microsoft, NVIDIA, Oracle, Google, and Coreweave [1] - These partnerships are crucial for enabling the company's operations [1] Infrastructure - The company relies heavily on a large number of GPUs [1] - These GPUs are working overtime, indicating significant computational demands [1]

Scalability Challenges in AI Inference - Current AI inference systems rely on brute-force scaling, adding more GPUs per user, leading to unsustainable compute demands and spiraling costs [1] - Real-time use cases are bottlenecked by latency and costs per user [1] Proposed Solution - Rethinking hardware is the only way to unlock real-time AI at scale [1] Key Argument - The current approach to inference is not scalable [1]

GPU Capacity - OpenAI plans to bring over 1 million GPUs online by the end of this year [1]

GPU Deployment - The company anticipates exceeding 1 million GPUs online by the end of the year [1] Future Goals - The company aims for a 100x increase in GPU deployment [1]

AI Engineering & GPU Utilization - AI engineering is shifting towards tighter integration and self-hosting of language models, increasing the need to understand GPU hardware [6][7] - The industry should focus on high bandwidth, not low latency, when utilizing GPUs [8] - GPUs optimize for math bandwidth over memory bandwidth, emphasizing computational operations [9] - Low precision matrix matrix multiplications are key to fully utilizing GPU potential [10] - Tensor cores, specialized for low precision matrix matrix multiplication, are crucial for efficient GPU usage [6][37] Hardware & Performance - GPUs achieve parallelism significantly exceeding CPUs, with the Nvidia H100 SXM GPU capable of over 16,000 parallel threads at 5 cents per thread, compared to AMD Epic CPU's two threads per core at approximately 1 watt per thread [20][21] - GPUs offer faster context switching compared to CPUs, happening every clock cycle [23] - Bandwidth improvement increases at the square of latency improvement, favoring bandwidth-oriented hardware [25][26] Model Optimization - Small models can be more hardware-sympathetic, potentially matching the quality of larger models with techniques like verification and multiple generations [32][33] - Multi-token prediction and multi-sample queries can become nearly "free" due to tensor core capabilities [36] - Generating multiple samples or tokens can improve performance by leveraging matrix matrix operations [39]

AI Workload Challenges & Requirements - AI workloads differ from traditional cloud workloads due to the need for high throughput and low latency, especially in large language model training involving thousands of GPUs communicating with each other [2][3][4] - Network glitches like packet drops, congestion, or latency can slow down the entire training process, increasing training time and costs [3][5] - Networks must support small to large-sized clusters for both inference and training workloads, requiring high performance and reliability [8] - Networks should scale up within racks and scale out across data halls and data centers, while being autonomous and resilient with auto-recovery capabilities [9][10] - Networks need to support increasing East-West traffic, accommodating data transfer from various sources like on-premises data centers and other cloud locations, expected to scale 30% to 40% [10] OCI's Solution: Backend and Frontend Networks - OCI addresses AI workload requirements by implementing a two-part network architecture: a backend network for high-performance AI and a frontend network for data ingestion [11][12] - The backend network, designed for RDMA-intensive workloads, supports AI, HPC, Oracle databases, and recommendation engines [13] - The frontend network provides high-throughput and reliable connectivity within OCI and to external networks, facilitating data transfer from various locations [14] OCI's RDMA Network Performance & Technologies - OCI utilizes RDMA technology powered by RoCEv2, enabling high-performance, low-latency RDMA traffic on standard Ethernet hardware [18] - OCI's network supports multi-class RDMA workloads using Q-cure techniques in switches, accommodating different requirements for training, HPC, and databases on the same physical network [20] - Independent studies show OCI's RDMA network achieves near line-rate throughput (100 gig) with roundtrip delays under 10 microseconds for HPC workloads [23] - OCI testing demonstrates close to 96% of the line rate (400 gig throughput) with Mi300 clusters, showcasing efficient network utilization [25] Future Roadmap: Zeta-Scale Clusters with AMD - OCI is partnering with AMD to build a zeta-scale Mi300X cluster, powering over 131,000 GPUs, which is nearly triple the compute power and 50% higher memory bandwidth [26] - The Mi300X cluster will feature 288 gig HBM3 memory, enabling customers to train larger models and improve inferencing [26] - The new system will utilize AMD AI NICs, enabling innovative standards-based RoCE networking at peak performance [27]

AI Infrastructure & Sovereign Intelligence - DDN's President discusses the rapid rise of AI infrastructure and sovereign intelligence [1] - Sovereign AI is becoming mission-critical [1] - France and the global tech ecosystem are racing toward a future powered by a million GPUs [1] - Data intelligence is the true currency of innovation [1] DDN's Capabilities & Performance - DDN powers NVIDIA's most advanced AI systems [1] - DDN's Infinia demonstrates game-changing performance vs AWS in RAG workloads [1] AI Applications & Impact - AI has real-world impact across finance, healthcare, defense, and energy [1] - Building an AI factory is worth billions [1] Future Vision - A vision for the future where humans and machines shape intelligence together [1]

RT Avi Chawla (@_avichawla)How to sync GPUs in multi-GPU training, clearly explained (with visuals): ...

General Information - The content is a wrap-up and call to action to reshare the information [1] - The author shares tutorials and insights on Data Science (DS), Machine Learning (ML), Large Language Models (LLMs), and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAGs) daily [1] Technical Focus - The author provides a clear explanation (with visuals) on how to sync GPUs in multi-GPU training [1]