Core Viewpoint - The article explores the concept of "敬" (respect) in Zhu Xi's philosophy, emphasizing its multifaceted nature and the need for a deeper understanding beyond its modern interpretation [1][2][8]. Group 1: Understanding "敬" - Zhu Xi elevates the concept of "敬" to a fundamental principle in his teachings, stating that it is the essence of the "Saint's teachings" [1]. - The term "敬" traditionally implies respect towards those of higher status or achievement, but Zhu Xi's context challenges this by suggesting respect should also be directed towards "人欲" (human desires) [2]. - In ancient Chinese, "敬" can refer to a variety of subjects, including oneself, adversaries, and even negative entities, indicating a broader application than in modern usage [3][4]. Group 2: Contextual Applications of "敬" - Historical texts illustrate that "敬" can be directed towards potential threats or negative influences, emphasizing the importance of vigilance and caution [4][5]. - The article highlights that "敬" encompasses a range of meanings such as caution, respect, and seriousness, with "认真对待" (seriously regard) being a core interpretation [6][8]. - Zhu Xi's teachings encourage a serious approach to all endeavors, reinforcing the idea that "敬" is about being earnest and attentive in one's actions [7][8].