Group 1 - The EU is positioning itself as a "normative power," packaging ESG standards as universal principles for global governance, while in practice, these standards are becoming new non-tariff barriers [1] - The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) requires imported goods to pay a "carbon difference" based on carbon emissions intensity, effectively raising the entry threshold for Chinese products [1][2] - China's average carbon intensity for steel is 20% higher than that of EU manufacturers, leading to an additional cost of approximately 30 euros per ton of steel under the current formula [1] Group 2 - The EU's Supply Chain Due Diligence Regulation forces companies to trace upstream raw materials, effectively scrutinizing China's rare earth supply chain [2] - The EU's trade with China is projected to reach $785.8 billion in 2024, but the dynamics show a significant decline in EU exports to China by 47% from 2014 to 2024, indicating a relative decline in Europe's advantageous industries [2][3] Group 3 - Internal economic disparities within the EU are complicating unified trade policies, with countries like Germany heavily reliant on trade with China, while others focus on agricultural subsidies and energy security [3] - The EU's imposition of high anti-dumping duties on Chinese solar products in 2013 led to significant market losses for Chinese companies, highlighting the ongoing embedding of ESG standards into trade rules [3] Group 4 - The EU's approach to intertwining climate agendas with trade policies represents a shift from the "Washington Consensus" era, but it also reveals systemic delays in technological advancements within the EU [4] - China is actively building a national carbon market and aligning ESG disclosure standards with international norms, showcasing its commitment to addressing the challenges posed by the EU's CBAM [4] Group 5 - BYD has successfully navigated EU electric vehicle tariff barriers by localizing production and implementing technology transfers, achieving an 8% market share in the European electric vehicle market by mid-2025 [5] - The adjustment of international trade orders is seen as a necessary response to the imbalances in the distribution of globalization benefits, with China aiming to maintain its rights while promoting global development [5]