近日，瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学的研究人员在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 上发表 了题为： Ancient RNA expression profiles from the extinct woolly mammoth 的研究 论文。 该论文报告了 10 头晚更新世时期的 猛犸象转录组图谱 ，其中一份约 39000 年前的猛犸象样本提供了足够细节，得以恢复骨骼肌代谢所必需的组织特异性调控 机制和生物功能，这是迄今为止记录到的最古老的古 RNA 序列。该论文展示了研究古 RNA 分子的潜力，突破了先前设想的局限，为通过时间验证和解码保存下 来的转录组提供了一个分析框架。凭借这些研究成果，预计将会出现将基因组学、蛋白质组学和转录组学相结合的 综合古生物学 研究。 撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 古 DNA （ ancient DNA，aDNA ） 技术彻底改变了对生活在 200 万年前的已灭绝和现存生物的研究，使得从多个已灭绝物种中重建基因组以及复原它们曾经繁 盛的生态系统成为可能。 然而，目前的 DNA 测序技术本身无法直接提供有关组织身份、基因表达动态或转录调控的信息，因为这些信息都编码在 RNA 中。 RNA ...

Core Insights - The article discusses a study by a team from Fudan University that reveals the genetic history of prehistoric population interactions in the Yellow River Bend, providing evidence of long-distance interactions among populations from the Central Plains, Steppe, and southern China [3][5][7]. Summary by Sections Research Findings - The study utilized ancient DNA to decode the genetic history of prehistoric populations in the Loess Plateau, showing significant genetic connections between the Shijia culture in the Central Plains and northern Steppe populations, with some individuals from the Xinhua site exhibiting up to 50% southern genetic ancestry [5][6]. - The research indicates that approximately 10%-20% of the genetic contribution in the Xinhua and related groups comes from Neolithic northern Steppe populations, while the Miaozi Gou culture closer to the Steppe shows up to 30% [6][7]. Cultural Implications - The findings suggest that the ancient populations of the Loess Plateau maintained close ties with the Central Plains agricultural society while also absorbing genetic inputs from both northern Steppe and southern regions, reflecting a complex pattern of migration and cultural exchange [7][10]. - The study challenges the traditional view of civilization development as a linear process, instead presenting the formation of Chinese civilization as a result of the convergence of diverse cultures and populations [10]. Historical Context - The Xinhua site, dated around 4100-3850 years ago, is identified as a satellite city of the Shijia culture, with artifacts indicating agricultural and pastoral activities linked to the rise of the Zhou Dynasty [6][7]. - The research highlights the strategic importance of the Loess Plateau as a northern gateway of Chinese civilization, emphasizing the profound impact of north-south interactions in the formation of early Chinese society [7][10].

Core Insights - The article highlights significant research advancements published in the journal Nature on June 4, 2025, with a notable contribution from Chinese scholars, indicating a growing influence in the global scientific community [2][3][6][8]. Group 1: Medical Innovations - A new thrombectomy technique called "Milli-spinner thrombectomy" was developed, demonstrating over twice the efficiency of existing methods in clearing blood clots, which could enhance treatment success rates for stroke, heart disease, and pulmonary embolism [2]. - Research identified CREM as a critical regulatory factor in NK cell function, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target to enhance CAR-NK cell anti-tumor efficacy [3]. - A study revealed a novel mechanism of red blood cell hemolysis induced by ischemic endothelial necroptosis in COVID-19 patients, proposing a new therapeutic intervention to alleviate microvascular obstruction [7]. Group 2: Genetic and Archaeological Discoveries - The study utilizing ancient DNA confirmed the existence of a two-clanned matrilineal community in Neolithic China, providing insights into early human social structures [2]. - Research on human Pol III transcription initiation offered structural insights that could enhance understanding of non-coding RNA synthesis regulation [8]. - The discovery of the preference of the human chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 for subnucleosomes highlights its role in maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells [8]. Group 3: Technological Developments - A new method using a non-natural micropeptide called "killswitch" was developed to probe condensate microenvironments, linking these environments to cellular functions [4]. - The introduction of a soft-clamped topological waveguide for phonons represents a significant advancement in the field of phononic devices [5].