Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the biological inequality in cancer prevalence and mortality between men and women, highlighting the role of Y chromosome loss (LOY) as a significant factor in cancer progression and immune response in men [1][5][31]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in Nature by Chen Xingyu reveals how LOY affects both tumor cells and T cells, leading to poorer outcomes for male cancer patients [3][4][6]. - LOY is common in older men, with over 20% of men aged 60 and over showing detectable LOY in peripheral blood cells, previously considered a sign of aging but now linked to cancer progression [13][19]. - The study integrates data from over 4,000 male cancer samples and more than 1 million single-cell transcriptomic data, exploring the origins and clinical significance of LOY [19]. Group 2: Mechanisms of LOY - LOY not only occurs in tumor cells but also spreads to immune cells, particularly T cells, leading to a loss of anti-cancer capabilities [6][22]. - The presence of LOY in T cells correlates with immune suppression and functional exhaustion, indicating a systemic collapse in the immune response against cancer [21][28]. - The study suggests that LOY contributes to a "tumor-immune escape" mechanism, allowing cancer cells to proliferate unchecked [28]. Group 3: Clinical Implications - The findings propose a new LOY scoring system for survival prediction, which could aid in personalized treatment strategies for cancer patients [25][32]. - In cell therapies like CAR-T or TIL, the LOY status of reinfused cells should be a critical quality control metric to avoid reintroducing dysfunctional T cells [34]. - Future therapies targeting LOY-related immune deficiencies may represent a new direction in cancer immunotherapy [35]. Group 4: Gender Differences in Cancer - The study highlights that while the Y chromosome is male-specific, many key immune genes on the Y chromosome have homologous copies on the X chromosome in females, potentially explaining the stronger immune defenses in women [30][31]. - Understanding LOY provides insights into the molecular roots of gender differences in cancer susceptibility and outcomes [31][38].

Core Insights - The article highlights significant research advancements published in the journal Nature on June 4, 2025, with a notable contribution from Chinese scholars, indicating a growing influence in the global scientific community [2][3][6][8]. Group 1: Medical Innovations - A new thrombectomy technique called "Milli-spinner thrombectomy" was developed, demonstrating over twice the efficiency of existing methods in clearing blood clots, which could enhance treatment success rates for stroke, heart disease, and pulmonary embolism [2]. - Research identified CREM as a critical regulatory factor in NK cell function, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target to enhance CAR-NK cell anti-tumor efficacy [3]. - A study revealed a novel mechanism of red blood cell hemolysis induced by ischemic endothelial necroptosis in COVID-19 patients, proposing a new therapeutic intervention to alleviate microvascular obstruction [7]. Group 2: Genetic and Archaeological Discoveries - The study utilizing ancient DNA confirmed the existence of a two-clanned matrilineal community in Neolithic China, providing insights into early human social structures [2]. - Research on human Pol III transcription initiation offered structural insights that could enhance understanding of non-coding RNA synthesis regulation [8]. - The discovery of the preference of the human chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 for subnucleosomes highlights its role in maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells [8]. Group 3: Technological Developments - A new method using a non-natural micropeptide called "killswitch" was developed to probe condensate microenvironments, linking these environments to cellular functions [4]. - The introduction of a soft-clamped topological waveguide for phonons represents a significant advancement in the field of phononic devices [5].