Group 1 - The article discusses the phenomenon of "involution" in education, particularly in China, where competition for academic success has reached extreme levels, affecting both children and their parents [1][2] - It highlights that parental involvement is not only about financial investment but also about knowledge, perspective, and time spent with children, which is a common issue in competitive societies like the United States [2][3] - The concept of "educational capital" is introduced, which encompasses economic, cultural, and social capital, influencing children's educational outcomes and future social status [4][5] Group 2 - The book "Parental Disparity" emphasizes that a child's future is increasingly determined by their parents' resources and aspirations rather than their own efforts, reflecting a shift from meritocracy to a system where family background plays a crucial role [5][6] - The narrative includes contrasting stories of two children from different socioeconomic backgrounds in Japan, illustrating how family circumstances shape educational opportunities and aspirations [6][7] - The article notes that the trend of prioritizing private education over public schooling in Japan has led to a widening gap in educational quality and access, reinforcing social stratification [8][9] Group 3 - The concept of "double-peaked" learning ability distribution is introduced, indicating that children's learning capabilities are closely tied to their family backgrounds, with affluent families producing more successful students [9][10] - The article discusses the societal implications of this educational disparity, suggesting that the pursuit of elite status creates a competitive environment that ultimately benefits only a small fraction of students while leaving many behind [10][11] - It concludes that the entrenched nature of parental influence in education perpetuates social inequalities, making it difficult for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to change their circumstances [11][12]

2007年出生的演员黄杨钿甜因戴价值230万天价耳环而引发广泛关注，她在娱乐圈的发展与其家境被认 为有极大关联。同样因家庭背景而获益的另一事件，则是此前"协和4+4"的新闻中，作为4年速成医学博 士受益者的董袭莹。我们该如何理解这一状况？ 与此同时，在网友对"二代"的家庭进行"深扒"的过程中，也会存在诞生一些新的谣言，进而出现如#董 某外公为外籍院士米耀荣系谣言#的辟谣信息 。那么，我们又该如何理解在这些热点新闻出现时相伴而 生的"谣言"？ 从精英主义到家长主义的社会 如今在各个领域中，二代的现象越来越多。例如演艺圈中不乏星二代：陈奕迅的女儿出道当歌手，陈凯 歌的儿子成为演员；更不乏富二代：马伯骞、虞书欣、姚安娜、蒋一侨等都以富二代人设为人所知。家 庭，成为了许多令人瞩目的公众人物背后最大的托举力量。在《父母格差："拼家长"时代的冲击》一书 中，作者志水宏吉谈到，当下世界都在从精英主义（也叫优绩主义）渐渐地过渡到家长主义，这一改变 对中国社会来说也有参考意义。 精英主义社会的公式是：优绩=能力+努力。 精英主义的理念强调个人的能力和努力最重要。每个人拥有的能力和他们一路积累的努力组合起来的结 果就是"个人的优 ...