Group 1 - The article discusses the phenomenon of "involution" in education, particularly in China, where competition for academic success has reached extreme levels, affecting both children and their parents [1][2] - It highlights that parental involvement is not only about financial investment but also about knowledge, perspective, and time spent with children, which is a common issue in competitive societies like the United States [2][3] - The concept of "educational capital" is introduced, which encompasses economic, cultural, and social capital, influencing children's educational outcomes and future social status [4][5] Group 2 - The book "Parental Disparity" emphasizes that a child's future is increasingly determined by their parents' resources and aspirations rather than their own efforts, reflecting a shift from meritocracy to a system where family background plays a crucial role [5][6] - The narrative includes contrasting stories of two children from different socioeconomic backgrounds in Japan, illustrating how family circumstances shape educational opportunities and aspirations [6][7] - The article notes that the trend of prioritizing private education over public schooling in Japan has led to a widening gap in educational quality and access, reinforcing social stratification [8][9] Group 3 - The concept of "double-peaked" learning ability distribution is introduced, indicating that children's learning capabilities are closely tied to their family backgrounds, with affluent families producing more successful students [9][10] - The article discusses the societal implications of this educational disparity, suggesting that the pursuit of elite status creates a competitive environment that ultimately benefits only a small fraction of students while leaving many behind [10][11] - It concludes that the entrenched nature of parental influence in education perpetuates social inequalities, making it difficult for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to change their circumstances [11][12]