M 细胞 （ Microfold Cell ） 是存在于派尔集合淋巴结中的一类稀有的肠道上皮细胞，通常认为，M 细胞将抗原转运至黏膜下抗原呈递细胞，而对于 M 细胞的这 些认识，主要来源于透射电子显微镜研究和对转基因小鼠的实验。 撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 2025 年 12 月 10 日，类器官之父 Hans Clevers 教授 （博士后 王代松 为论文第一作者 ） 在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表了题为： Human gut M cells resemble dendritic cells and present gluten antigen 的研究论文。 该研究建立了 肠道类器官 模型以研究 人类肠道 M 细胞 ，并通过转录组分析重构了 M 细胞的分化轨迹。 结果显示， 人类 M 细胞除了抗原转运，还与树突状细 胞类似，加工并直接呈递抗原 。该研究还通过肠道类器官-T 细胞共培养实验证明，人类 M 细胞能够加工并呈递麸 质抗原，提示了 M 细胞可能在自身免疫疾病 乳糜泻 的"元凶"。 这项研究彻底改变了我们对 人类 M 细胞 ，乃至 肠道黏膜免疫 的理解，为 乳糜泻等肠道疾病带来了 ...

Core Viewpoint - mRNA vaccines represent a transformative advancement in immunology, characterized by rapid production and strong immunogenicity across various disease conditions [3][4]. Group 1: mRNA Vaccine Technology - The use of lipid nanoparticles (LLN) has emerged as a versatile and efficient delivery vehicle, enhancing stability and adaptable surface chemistry for the development of effective and low-toxicity targeted mRNA vaccines [3]. - mRNA vaccines generate robust and long-lasting protective immunity, primarily through antigen-presenting cells (APC), particularly dendritic cells (DC), which efficiently present antigens and optimally localize to lymphoid tissues [4]. Group 2: Challenges in Vaccine Delivery - Direct targeting of dendritic cells significantly improves vaccine efficacy; however, non-specific uptake by macrophages during in vivo vaccine delivery poses a major challenge [4]. - Despite macrophages' phagocytic capabilities, their ability to transport antigens from peripheral tissues to lymphoid tissues for effective initial T cell stimulation is limited [4]. - Reducing macrophage-mediated uptake of nanoparticle vaccines is crucial for promoting lymph node transport and ultimately enhancing vaccine efficacy [4]. Group 3: Research Development - On August 18, 2025, a collaborative research paper titled "A precision-engineered dendritic cell-targeted mRNA nanovaccine for enhanced antiviral immunity" was published by teams from Sichuan University, led by Song Xiangrong and Liu Jiyan, in the journal Cell Biomaterials [4].